all repos — mgba @ 0772fc4967169501e86a642a28d8671816027ac8

mGBA Game Boy Advance Emulator

src/gba/memory.c (view raw)

   1/* Copyright (c) 2013-2015 Jeffrey Pfau
   2 *
   3 * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
   4 * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
   5 * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
   6#include "memory.h"
   7
   8#include "macros.h"
   9
  10#include "decoder.h"
  11#include "gba/hardware.h"
  12#include "gba/io.h"
  13#include "gba/serialize.h"
  14#include "gba/hle-bios.h"
  15#include "util/memory.h"
  16
  17#define IDLE_LOOP_THRESHOLD 10000
  18
  19static uint32_t _popcount32(unsigned bits);
  20static void _pristineCow(struct GBA* gba);
  21static uint32_t _deadbeef[1] = { 0xE710B710 }; // Illegal instruction on both ARM and Thumb
  22
  23static void GBASetActiveRegion(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t region);
  24static void GBAMemoryServiceDMA(struct GBA* gba, int number, struct GBADMA* info);
  25static int32_t GBAMemoryStall(struct ARMCore* cpu, int32_t wait);
  26
  27static const char GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES[16] = { 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 };
  28static const char GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_32[16] = { 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 7, 7, 9, 9, 13, 13, 9 };
  29static const char GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_SEQ[16] = { 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8, 4 };
  30static const char GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_SEQ_32[16] = { 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 5, 5, 9, 9, 17, 17, 9 };
  31static const char GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[] = { 4, 3, 2, 8 };
  32static const char GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES_SEQ[] = { 2, 1, 4, 1, 8, 1 };
  33static const int DMA_OFFSET[] = { 1, -1, 0, 1 };
  34
  35void GBAMemoryInit(struct GBA* gba) {
  36	struct ARMCore* cpu = gba->cpu;
  37	cpu->memory.load32 = GBALoad32;
  38	cpu->memory.load16 = GBALoad16;
  39	cpu->memory.load8 = GBALoad8;
  40	cpu->memory.loadMultiple = GBALoadMultiple;
  41	cpu->memory.store32 = GBAStore32;
  42	cpu->memory.store16 = GBAStore16;
  43	cpu->memory.store8 = GBAStore8;
  44	cpu->memory.storeMultiple = GBAStoreMultiple;
  45	cpu->memory.stall = GBAMemoryStall;
  46
  47	gba->memory.bios = (uint32_t*) hleBios;
  48	gba->memory.fullBios = 0;
  49	gba->memory.wram = 0;
  50	gba->memory.iwram = 0;
  51	gba->memory.rom = 0;
  52	gba->memory.romSize = 0;
  53	gba->memory.hw.p = gba;
  54
  55	int i;
  56	for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
  57		gba->memory.waitstatesNonseq16[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES[i];
  58		gba->memory.waitstatesSeq16[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_SEQ[i];
  59		gba->memory.waitstatesPrefetchNonseq16[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES[i];
  60		gba->memory.waitstatesPrefetchSeq16[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_SEQ[i];
  61		gba->memory.waitstatesNonseq32[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_32[i];
  62		gba->memory.waitstatesSeq32[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_SEQ_32[i];
  63		gba->memory.waitstatesPrefetchNonseq32[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_32[i];
  64		gba->memory.waitstatesPrefetchSeq32[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_SEQ_32[i];
  65	}
  66	for (; i < 256; ++i) {
  67		gba->memory.waitstatesNonseq16[i] = 0;
  68		gba->memory.waitstatesSeq16[i] = 0;
  69		gba->memory.waitstatesNonseq32[i] = 0;
  70		gba->memory.waitstatesSeq32[i] = 0;
  71	}
  72
  73	gba->memory.activeRegion = -1;
  74	cpu->memory.activeRegion = 0;
  75	cpu->memory.activeMask = 0;
  76	cpu->memory.setActiveRegion = GBASetActiveRegion;
  77	cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles32 = 0;
  78	cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles16 = 0;
  79	cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles32 = 0;
  80	cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles16 = 0;
  81	gba->memory.biosPrefetch = 0;
  82}
  83
  84void GBAMemoryDeinit(struct GBA* gba) {
  85	mappedMemoryFree(gba->memory.wram, SIZE_WORKING_RAM);
  86	mappedMemoryFree(gba->memory.iwram, SIZE_WORKING_IRAM);
  87	if (gba->memory.rom) {
  88		mappedMemoryFree(gba->memory.rom, gba->memory.romSize);
  89	}
  90	GBASavedataDeinit(&gba->memory.savedata);
  91}
  92
  93void GBAMemoryReset(struct GBA* gba) {
  94	if (gba->memory.wram) {
  95		mappedMemoryFree(gba->memory.wram, SIZE_WORKING_RAM);
  96	}
  97	gba->memory.wram = anonymousMemoryMap(SIZE_WORKING_RAM);
  98
  99	if (gba->memory.iwram) {
 100		mappedMemoryFree(gba->memory.iwram, SIZE_WORKING_IRAM);
 101	}
 102	gba->memory.iwram = anonymousMemoryMap(SIZE_WORKING_IRAM);
 103
 104	memset(gba->memory.io, 0, sizeof(gba->memory.io));
 105	memset(gba->memory.dma, 0, sizeof(gba->memory.dma));
 106	int i;
 107	for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
 108		gba->memory.dma[i].count = 0x4000;
 109		gba->memory.dma[i].nextEvent = INT_MAX;
 110	}
 111	gba->memory.dma[3].count = 0x10000;
 112	gba->memory.activeDMA = -1;
 113	gba->memory.nextDMA = INT_MAX;
 114	gba->memory.eventDiff = 0;
 115
 116	gba->memory.prefetch = false;
 117	gba->memory.lastPrefetchedPc = 0;
 118
 119	if (!gba->memory.wram || !gba->memory.iwram) {
 120		GBAMemoryDeinit(gba);
 121		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_FATAL, "Could not map memory");
 122	}
 123}
 124
 125static void _analyzeForIdleLoop(struct GBA* gba, struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address) {
 126	struct ARMInstructionInfo info;
 127	uint32_t nextAddress = address;
 128	memset(gba->taintedRegisters, 0, sizeof(gba->taintedRegisters));
 129	if (cpu->executionMode == MODE_THUMB) {
 130		while (true) {
 131			uint16_t opcode;
 132			LOAD_16(opcode, nextAddress & cpu->memory.activeMask, cpu->memory.activeRegion);
 133			ARMDecodeThumb(opcode, &info);
 134			switch (info.branchType) {
 135			case ARM_BRANCH_NONE:
 136				if (info.operandFormat & ARM_OPERAND_MEMORY_2) {
 137					if (info.mnemonic == ARM_MN_STR || gba->taintedRegisters[info.memory.baseReg]) {
 138						gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 139						return;
 140					}
 141					uint32_t loadAddress = gba->cachedRegisters[info.memory.baseReg];
 142					uint32_t offset = 0;
 143					if (info.memory.format & ARM_MEMORY_IMMEDIATE_OFFSET) {
 144						offset = info.memory.offset.immediate;
 145					} else if (info.memory.format & ARM_MEMORY_REGISTER_OFFSET) {
 146						int reg = info.memory.offset.reg;
 147						if (gba->cachedRegisters[reg]) {
 148							gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 149							return;
 150						}
 151						offset = gba->cachedRegisters[reg];
 152					}
 153					if (info.memory.format & ARM_MEMORY_OFFSET_SUBTRACT) {
 154						loadAddress -= offset;
 155					} else {
 156						loadAddress += offset;
 157					}
 158					if ((loadAddress >> BASE_OFFSET) == REGION_IO) {
 159						gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 160						return;
 161					}
 162					if ((loadAddress >> BASE_OFFSET) < REGION_CART0 || (loadAddress >> BASE_OFFSET) > REGION_CART2_EX) {
 163						gba->taintedRegisters[info.op1.reg] = true;
 164					} else {
 165						switch (info.memory.width) {
 166						case 1:
 167							gba->cachedRegisters[info.op1.reg] = GBALoad8(cpu, loadAddress, 0);
 168							break;
 169						case 2:
 170							gba->cachedRegisters[info.op1.reg] = GBALoad16(cpu, loadAddress, 0);
 171							break;
 172						case 4:
 173							gba->cachedRegisters[info.op1.reg] = GBALoad32(cpu, loadAddress, 0);
 174							break;
 175						}
 176					}
 177				} else if (info.operandFormat & ARM_OPERAND_AFFECTED_1) {
 178					gba->taintedRegisters[info.op1.reg] = true;
 179				}
 180				nextAddress += WORD_SIZE_THUMB;
 181				break;
 182			case ARM_BRANCH:
 183				if ((uint32_t) info.op1.immediate + nextAddress + WORD_SIZE_THUMB * 2 == address) {
 184					gba->idleLoop = address;
 185					gba->idleOptimization = IDLE_LOOP_REMOVE;
 186				}
 187				gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 188				return;
 189			default:
 190				gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 191				return;
 192			}
 193		}
 194	} else {
 195		gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 196	}
 197}
 198
 199static void GBASetActiveRegion(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address) {
 200	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 201	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 202
 203	int newRegion = address >> BASE_OFFSET;
 204	if (gba->idleOptimization >= IDLE_LOOP_REMOVE && memory->activeRegion != REGION_BIOS) {
 205		if (address == gba->idleLoop) {
 206			if (gba->haltPending) {
 207				gba->haltPending = false;
 208				GBAHalt(gba);
 209			} else {
 210				gba->haltPending = true;
 211			}
 212		} else if (gba->idleOptimization >= IDLE_LOOP_DETECT && newRegion == memory->activeRegion) {
 213			if (address == gba->lastJump) {
 214				switch (gba->idleDetectionStep) {
 215				case 0:
 216					memcpy(gba->cachedRegisters, cpu->gprs, sizeof(gba->cachedRegisters));
 217					++gba->idleDetectionStep;
 218					break;
 219				case 1:
 220					if (memcmp(gba->cachedRegisters, cpu->gprs, sizeof(gba->cachedRegisters))) {
 221						gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 222						++gba->idleDetectionFailures;
 223						if (gba->idleDetectionFailures > IDLE_LOOP_THRESHOLD) {
 224							gba->idleOptimization = IDLE_LOOP_IGNORE;
 225						}
 226						break;
 227					}
 228					_analyzeForIdleLoop(gba, cpu, address);
 229					break;
 230				}
 231			} else {
 232				gba->idleDetectionStep = 0;
 233			}
 234		}
 235	}
 236
 237	gba->lastJump = address;
 238	memory->lastPrefetchedPc = 0;
 239	memory->lastPrefetchedLoads = 0;
 240	if (newRegion == memory->activeRegion && (newRegion < REGION_CART0 || (address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) < memory->romSize)) {
 241		return;
 242	}
 243
 244	if (memory->activeRegion == REGION_BIOS) {
 245		memory->biosPrefetch = cpu->prefetch[1];
 246	}
 247	memory->activeRegion = newRegion;
 248	switch (newRegion) {
 249	case REGION_BIOS:
 250		cpu->memory.activeRegion = memory->bios;
 251		cpu->memory.activeMask = SIZE_BIOS - 1;
 252		break;
 253	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 254		cpu->memory.activeRegion = memory->wram;
 255		cpu->memory.activeMask = SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 1;
 256		break;
 257	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 258		cpu->memory.activeRegion = memory->iwram;
 259		cpu->memory.activeMask = SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 1;
 260		break;
 261	case REGION_VRAM:
 262		cpu->memory.activeRegion = (uint32_t*) gba->video.renderer->vram;
 263		cpu->memory.activeMask = 0x0000FFFF;
 264		break;
 265	case REGION_CART0:
 266	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 267	case REGION_CART1:
 268	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 269	case REGION_CART2:
 270	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 271		cpu->memory.activeRegion = memory->rom;
 272		cpu->memory.activeMask = SIZE_CART0 - 1;
 273		if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) < memory->romSize) {
 274			break;
 275		}
 276		// Fall through
 277	default:
 278		memory->activeRegion = -1;
 279		cpu->memory.activeRegion = _deadbeef;
 280		cpu->memory.activeMask = 0;
 281		if (!gba->yankedRomSize) {
 282			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_FATAL, "Jumped to invalid address");
 283		}
 284		return;
 285	}
 286	cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles32 = memory->waitstatesSeq32[memory->activeRegion];
 287	cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles16 = memory->waitstatesSeq16[memory->activeRegion];
 288	cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles32 = memory->waitstatesNonseq32[memory->activeRegion];
 289	cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles16 = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[memory->activeRegion];
 290}
 291
 292#define LOAD_BAD \
 293	if (gba->performingDMA) { \
 294		value = gba->bus; \
 295	} else { \
 296		value = cpu->prefetch[1]; \
 297		if (cpu->executionMode == MODE_THUMB) { \
 298			/* http://ngemu.com/threads/gba-open-bus.170809/ */ \
 299			switch (cpu->gprs[ARM_PC] >> BASE_OFFSET) { \
 300			case REGION_BIOS: \
 301			case REGION_OAM: \
 302				/* This isn't right half the time, but we don't have $+6 handy */ \
 303				value <<= 16; \
 304				value |= cpu->prefetch[0]; \
 305				break; \
 306			case REGION_WORKING_IRAM: \
 307				/* This doesn't handle prefetch clobbering */ \
 308				if (cpu->gprs[ARM_PC] & 2) { \
 309					value |= cpu->prefetch[0] << 16; \
 310				} else { \
 311					value <<= 16; \
 312					value |= cpu->prefetch[0]; \
 313				} \
 314			default: \
 315				value |= value << 16; \
 316			} \
 317		} \
 318	}
 319
 320#define LOAD_BIOS \
 321	if (address < SIZE_BIOS) { \
 322		if (memory->activeRegion == REGION_BIOS) { \
 323			LOAD_32(value, address, memory->bios); \
 324		} else { \
 325			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad BIOS Load32: 0x%08X", address); \
 326			value = memory->biosPrefetch; \
 327		} \
 328	} else { \
 329		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Load32: 0x%08X", address); \
 330		LOAD_BAD; \
 331	}
 332
 333#define LOAD_WORKING_RAM \
 334	LOAD_32(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 4), memory->wram); \
 335	wait += waitstatesRegion[REGION_WORKING_RAM];
 336
 337#define LOAD_WORKING_IRAM LOAD_32(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 4), memory->iwram);
 338#define LOAD_IO value = GBAIORead(gba, (address & (SIZE_IO - 1)) & ~2) | (GBAIORead(gba, (address & (SIZE_IO - 1)) | 2) << 16);
 339
 340#define LOAD_PALETTE_RAM \
 341	LOAD_32(value, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4), gba->video.palette); \
 342	wait += waitstatesRegion[REGION_PALETTE_RAM];
 343
 344#define LOAD_VRAM \
 345	if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) { \
 346		LOAD_32(value, address & 0x0001FFFC, gba->video.renderer->vram); \
 347	} else { \
 348		LOAD_32(value, address & 0x00017FFC, gba->video.renderer->vram); \
 349	} \
 350	wait += waitstatesRegion[REGION_VRAM];
 351
 352#define LOAD_OAM LOAD_32(value, address & (SIZE_OAM - 4), gba->video.oam.raw);
 353
 354#define LOAD_CART \
 355	wait += waitstatesRegion[address >> BASE_OFFSET]; \
 356	if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) < memory->romSize) { \
 357		LOAD_32(value, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 4), memory->rom); \
 358	} else { \
 359		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Out of bounds ROM Load32: 0x%08X", address); \
 360		value = (address >> 1) & 0xFFFF; \
 361		value |= ((address + 2) >> 1) << 16; \
 362	}
 363
 364#define LOAD_SRAM \
 365	wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[address >> BASE_OFFSET]; \
 366	value = GBALoad8(cpu, address, 0); \
 367	value |= value << 8; \
 368	value |= value << 16;
 369
 370uint32_t GBALoad32(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int* cycleCounter) {
 371	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 372	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 373	uint32_t value = 0;
 374	int wait = 0;
 375	char* waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesNonseq32;
 376
 377	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 378	case REGION_BIOS:
 379		LOAD_BIOS;
 380		break;
 381	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 382		LOAD_WORKING_RAM;
 383		break;
 384	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 385		LOAD_WORKING_IRAM;
 386		break;
 387	case REGION_IO:
 388		LOAD_IO;
 389		break;
 390	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 391		LOAD_PALETTE_RAM;
 392		break;
 393	case REGION_VRAM:
 394		LOAD_VRAM;
 395		break;
 396	case REGION_OAM:
 397		LOAD_OAM;
 398		break;
 399	case REGION_CART0:
 400	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 401	case REGION_CART1:
 402	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 403	case REGION_CART2:
 404	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 405		LOAD_CART;
 406		break;
 407	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 408	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 409		LOAD_SRAM;
 410		break;
 411	default:
 412		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Load32: 0x%08X", address);
 413		LOAD_BAD;
 414		break;
 415	}
 416
 417	if (cycleCounter) {
 418		wait += 2;
 419		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
 420			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
 421		}
 422		*cycleCounter += wait;
 423	}
 424	// Unaligned 32-bit loads are "rotated" so they make some semblance of sense
 425	int rotate = (address & 3) << 3;
 426	return ROR(value, rotate);
 427}
 428
 429uint32_t GBALoad16(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int* cycleCounter) {
 430	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 431	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 432	uint32_t value = 0;
 433	int wait = 0;
 434
 435	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 436	case REGION_BIOS:
 437		if (address < SIZE_BIOS) {
 438			if (memory->activeRegion == REGION_BIOS) {
 439				LOAD_16(value, address, memory->bios);
 440			} else {
 441				GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad BIOS Load16: 0x%08X", address);
 442				LOAD_16(value, address & 2, &memory->biosPrefetch);
 443			}
 444		} else {
 445			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Load16: 0x%08X", address);
 446			LOAD_BAD;
 447			uint32_t v2 = value;
 448			LOAD_16(value, address & 2, &v2);
 449		}
 450		break;
 451	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 452		LOAD_16(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 2), memory->wram);
 453		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_WORKING_RAM];
 454		break;
 455	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 456		LOAD_16(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 2), memory->iwram);
 457		break;
 458	case REGION_IO:
 459		value = GBAIORead(gba, address & (SIZE_IO - 2));
 460		break;
 461	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 462		LOAD_16(value, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 2), gba->video.palette);
 463		break;
 464	case REGION_VRAM:
 465		if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) {
 466			LOAD_16(value, address & 0x0001FFFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 467		} else {
 468			LOAD_16(value, address & 0x00017FFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 469		}
 470		break;
 471	case REGION_OAM:
 472		LOAD_16(value, address & (SIZE_OAM - 2), gba->video.oam.raw);
 473		break;
 474	case REGION_CART0:
 475	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 476	case REGION_CART1:
 477	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 478	case REGION_CART2:
 479		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[address >> BASE_OFFSET];
 480		if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) < memory->romSize) {
 481			LOAD_16(value, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 2), memory->rom);
 482		} else {
 483			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Out of bounds ROM Load16: 0x%08X", address);
 484			value = (address >> 1) & 0xFFFF; \
 485		}
 486		break;
 487	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 488		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[address >> BASE_OFFSET];
 489		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_EEPROM) {
 490			value = GBASavedataReadEEPROM(&memory->savedata);
 491		} else if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) < memory->romSize) {
 492			LOAD_16(value, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 2), memory->rom);
 493		} else {
 494			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Out of bounds ROM Load16: 0x%08X", address);
 495			value = (address >> 1) & 0xFFFF; \
 496		}
 497		break;
 498	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 499	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 500		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[address >> BASE_OFFSET];
 501		value = GBALoad8(cpu, address, 0);
 502		value |= value << 8;
 503		break;
 504	default:
 505		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Load16: 0x%08X", address);
 506		LOAD_BAD;
 507		uint32_t v2 = value;
 508		LOAD_16(value, address & 2, &v2);
 509		break;
 510	}
 511
 512	if (cycleCounter) {
 513		wait += 2;
 514		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
 515			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
 516		}
 517		*cycleCounter += wait;
 518	}
 519	// Unaligned 16-bit loads are "unpredictable", but the GBA rotates them, so we have to, too.
 520	int rotate = (address & 1) << 3;
 521	return ROR(value, rotate);
 522}
 523
 524uint32_t GBALoad8(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int* cycleCounter) {
 525	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 526	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 527	uint32_t value = 0;
 528	int wait = 0;
 529
 530	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 531	case REGION_BIOS:
 532		if (address < SIZE_BIOS) {
 533			if (memory->activeRegion == REGION_BIOS) {
 534				value = ((uint8_t*) memory->bios)[address];
 535			} else {
 536				GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad BIOS Load8: 0x%08X", address);
 537				value = ((uint8_t*) &memory->biosPrefetch)[address & 3];
 538			}
 539		} else {
 540			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Load8: 0x%08x", address);
 541			LOAD_BAD;
 542			value = ((uint8_t*) &value)[address & 3];
 543		}
 544		break;
 545	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 546		value = ((uint8_t*) memory->wram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 1)];
 547		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_WORKING_RAM];
 548		break;
 549	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 550		value = ((uint8_t*) memory->iwram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 1)];
 551		break;
 552	case REGION_IO:
 553		value = (GBAIORead(gba, address & 0xFFFE) >> ((address & 0x0001) << 3)) & 0xFF;
 554		break;
 555	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 556		value = ((uint8_t*) gba->video.palette)[address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 1)];
 557		break;
 558	case REGION_VRAM:
 559		if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) {
 560			value = ((uint8_t*) gba->video.renderer->vram)[address & 0x0001FFFF];
 561		} else {
 562			value = ((uint8_t*) gba->video.renderer->vram)[address & 0x00017FFF];
 563		}
 564		break;
 565	case REGION_OAM:
 566		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Load8: 0x%08X", address);
 567		break;
 568	case REGION_CART0:
 569	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 570	case REGION_CART1:
 571	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 572	case REGION_CART2:
 573	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 574		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[address >> BASE_OFFSET];
 575		if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) < memory->romSize) {
 576			value = ((uint8_t*) memory->rom)[address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)];
 577		} else {
 578			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Out of bounds ROM Load8: 0x%08X", address);
 579			value = (address >> 1) & 0xFF; \
 580		}
 581		break;
 582	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 583	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 584		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[address >> BASE_OFFSET];
 585		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_AUTODETECT) {
 586			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_INFO, "Detected SRAM savegame");
 587			GBASavedataInitSRAM(&memory->savedata);
 588		}
 589		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_SRAM) {
 590			value = memory->savedata.data[address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 1)];
 591		} else if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_FLASH512 || memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_FLASH1M) {
 592			value = GBASavedataReadFlash(&memory->savedata, address);
 593		} else if (memory->hw.devices & HW_TILT) {
 594			value = GBAHardwareTiltRead(&memory->hw, address & OFFSET_MASK);
 595		} else {
 596			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Reading from non-existent SRAM: 0x%08X", address);
 597			value = 0xFF;
 598		}
 599		value &= 0xFF;
 600		break;
 601	default:
 602		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Load8: 0x%08x", address);
 603		LOAD_BAD;
 604		value = ((uint8_t*) &value)[address & 3];
 605		break;
 606	}
 607
 608	if (cycleCounter) {
 609		wait += 2;
 610		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
 611			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
 612		}
 613		*cycleCounter += wait;
 614	}
 615	return value;
 616}
 617
 618#define STORE_WORKING_RAM \
 619	STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 4), memory->wram); \
 620	wait += waitstatesRegion[REGION_WORKING_RAM];
 621
 622#define STORE_WORKING_IRAM \
 623	STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 4), memory->iwram);
 624
 625#define STORE_IO \
 626	GBAIOWrite32(gba, address & (SIZE_IO - 4), value);
 627
 628#define STORE_PALETTE_RAM \
 629	STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4), gba->video.palette); \
 630	gba->video.renderer->writePalette(gba->video.renderer, (address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4)) + 2, value >> 16); \
 631	wait += waitstatesRegion[REGION_PALETTE_RAM]; \
 632	gba->video.renderer->writePalette(gba->video.renderer, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4), value);
 633
 634#define STORE_VRAM \
 635	if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) { \
 636		STORE_32(value, address & 0x0001FFFC, gba->video.renderer->vram); \
 637	} else { \
 638		STORE_32(value, address & 0x00017FFC, gba->video.renderer->vram); \
 639	} \
 640	wait += waitstatesRegion[REGION_VRAM];
 641
 642#define STORE_OAM \
 643	STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_OAM - 4), gba->video.oam.raw); \
 644	gba->video.renderer->writeOAM(gba->video.renderer, (address & (SIZE_OAM - 4)) >> 1); \
 645	gba->video.renderer->writeOAM(gba->video.renderer, ((address & (SIZE_OAM - 4)) >> 1) + 1);
 646
 647#define STORE_CART \
 648	wait += waitstatesRegion[address >> BASE_OFFSET]; \
 649	GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Store32: 0x%08X", address);
 650
 651#define STORE_SRAM \
 652	GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Store32: 0x%08X", address);
 653
 654#define STORE_BAD \
 655	GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Store32: 0x%08X", address);
 656
 657void GBAStore32(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int32_t value, int* cycleCounter) {
 658	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 659	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 660	int wait = 0;
 661	char* waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesNonseq32;
 662
 663	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 664	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 665		STORE_WORKING_RAM;
 666		break;
 667	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 668		STORE_WORKING_IRAM
 669		break;
 670	case REGION_IO:
 671		STORE_IO;
 672		break;
 673	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 674		STORE_PALETTE_RAM;
 675		break;
 676	case REGION_VRAM:
 677		STORE_VRAM;
 678		break;
 679	case REGION_OAM:
 680		STORE_OAM;
 681		break;
 682	case REGION_CART0:
 683	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 684	case REGION_CART1:
 685	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 686	case REGION_CART2:
 687	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 688		STORE_CART;
 689		break;
 690	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 691	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 692		STORE_SRAM;
 693		break;
 694	default:
 695		STORE_BAD;
 696		break;
 697	}
 698
 699	if (cycleCounter) {
 700		++wait;
 701		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
 702			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
 703		}
 704		*cycleCounter += wait;
 705	}
 706}
 707
 708void GBAStore16(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int16_t value, int* cycleCounter) {
 709	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 710	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 711	int wait = 0;
 712
 713	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 714	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 715		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 2), memory->wram);
 716		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_WORKING_RAM];
 717		break;
 718	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 719		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 2), memory->iwram);
 720		break;
 721	case REGION_IO:
 722		GBAIOWrite(gba, address & (SIZE_IO - 2), value);
 723		break;
 724	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 725		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 2), gba->video.palette);
 726		gba->video.renderer->writePalette(gba->video.renderer, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 2), value);
 727		break;
 728	case REGION_VRAM:
 729		if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) {
 730			STORE_16(value, address & 0x0001FFFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 731		} else {
 732			STORE_16(value, address & 0x00017FFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 733		}
 734		break;
 735	case REGION_OAM:
 736		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_OAM - 2), gba->video.oam.raw);
 737		gba->video.renderer->writeOAM(gba->video.renderer, (address & (SIZE_OAM - 2)) >> 1);
 738		break;
 739	case REGION_CART0:
 740		if (memory->hw.devices != HW_NONE && IS_GPIO_REGISTER(address & 0xFFFFFE)) {
 741			uint32_t reg = address & 0xFFFFFE;
 742			GBAHardwareGPIOWrite(&memory->hw, reg, value);
 743		} else {
 744			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad cartridge Store16: 0x%08X", address);
 745		}
 746		break;
 747	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 748		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_AUTODETECT) {
 749			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_INFO, "Detected EEPROM savegame");
 750			GBASavedataInitEEPROM(&memory->savedata);
 751		}
 752		GBASavedataWriteEEPROM(&memory->savedata, value, 1);
 753		break;
 754	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 755	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 756		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Store16: 0x%08X", address);
 757		break;
 758	default:
 759		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Store16: 0x%08X", address);
 760		break;
 761	}
 762
 763	if (cycleCounter) {
 764		++wait;
 765		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
 766			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
 767		}
 768		*cycleCounter += wait;
 769	}
 770}
 771
 772void GBAStore8(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int8_t value, int* cycleCounter) {
 773	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 774	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 775	int wait = 0;
 776
 777	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 778	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 779		((int8_t*) memory->wram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 1)] = value;
 780		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_WORKING_RAM];
 781		break;
 782	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 783		((int8_t*) memory->iwram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 1)] = value;
 784		break;
 785	case REGION_IO:
 786		GBAIOWrite8(gba, address & (SIZE_IO - 1), value);
 787		break;
 788	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 789		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Store8: 0x%08X", address);
 790		break;
 791	case REGION_VRAM:
 792		if (address >= 0x06018000) {
 793			// TODO: check BG mode
 794			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Cannot Store8 to OBJ: 0x%08X", address);
 795			break;
 796		}
 797		((int8_t*) gba->video.renderer->vram)[address & 0x1FFFE] = value;
 798		((int8_t*) gba->video.renderer->vram)[(address & 0x1FFFE) | 1] = value;
 799		break;
 800	case REGION_OAM:
 801		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Cannot Store8 to OAM: 0x%08X", address);
 802		break;
 803	case REGION_CART0:
 804		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Store8: 0x%08X", address);
 805		break;
 806	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 807	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 808		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_AUTODETECT) {
 809			if (address == SAVEDATA_FLASH_BASE) {
 810				GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_INFO, "Detected Flash savegame");
 811				GBASavedataInitFlash(&memory->savedata, gba->realisticTiming);
 812			} else {
 813				GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_INFO, "Detected SRAM savegame");
 814				GBASavedataInitSRAM(&memory->savedata);
 815			}
 816		}
 817		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_FLASH512 || memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_FLASH1M) {
 818			GBASavedataWriteFlash(&memory->savedata, address, value);
 819		} else if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_SRAM) {
 820			memory->savedata.data[address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 1)] = value;
 821		} else if (memory->hw.devices & HW_TILT) {
 822			GBAHardwareTiltWrite(&memory->hw, address & OFFSET_MASK, value);
 823		} else {
 824			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Writing to non-existent SRAM: 0x%08X", address);
 825		}
 826		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART_SRAM];
 827		break;
 828	default:
 829		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Store8: 0x%08X", address);
 830		break;
 831	}
 832
 833	if (cycleCounter) {
 834		++wait;
 835		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
 836			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
 837		}
 838		*cycleCounter += wait;
 839	}
 840}
 841
 842void GBAPatch32(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int32_t value, int32_t* old) {
 843	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 844	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 845	int32_t oldValue = -1;
 846
 847	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 848	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 849		LOAD_32(oldValue, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 4), memory->wram);
 850		STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 4), memory->wram);
 851		break;
 852	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 853		LOAD_32(oldValue, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 4), memory->iwram);
 854		STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 4), memory->iwram);
 855		break;
 856	case REGION_IO:
 857		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Patch32: 0x%08X", address);
 858		break;
 859	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 860		LOAD_32(oldValue, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 1), gba->video.palette);
 861		STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4), gba->video.palette);
 862		gba->video.renderer->writePalette(gba->video.renderer, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4), value);
 863		gba->video.renderer->writePalette(gba->video.renderer, (address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4)) + 2, value >> 16);
 864		break;
 865	case REGION_VRAM:
 866		if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) {
 867			LOAD_32(oldValue, address & 0x0001FFFC, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 868			STORE_32(value, address & 0x0001FFFC, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 869		} else {
 870			LOAD_32(oldValue, address & 0x00017FFC, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 871			STORE_32(value, address & 0x00017FFC, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 872		}
 873		break;
 874	case REGION_OAM:
 875		LOAD_32(oldValue, address & (SIZE_OAM - 4), gba->video.oam.raw);
 876		STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_OAM - 4), gba->video.oam.raw);
 877		gba->video.renderer->writeOAM(gba->video.renderer, (address & (SIZE_OAM - 4)) >> 1);
 878		gba->video.renderer->writeOAM(gba->video.renderer, ((address & (SIZE_OAM - 4)) + 2) >> 1);
 879		break;
 880	case REGION_CART0:
 881	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 882	case REGION_CART1:
 883	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 884	case REGION_CART2:
 885	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 886		_pristineCow(gba);
 887		if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 4)) >= gba->memory.romSize) {
 888			gba->memory.romSize = (address & (SIZE_CART0 - 4)) + 4;
 889		}
 890		LOAD_32(oldValue, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 4), gba->memory.rom);
 891		STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 4), gba->memory.rom);
 892		break;
 893	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 894	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 895		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_SRAM) {
 896			LOAD_32(oldValue, address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 4), memory->savedata.data);
 897			STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 4), memory->savedata.data);
 898		} else {
 899			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Writing to non-existent SRAM: 0x%08X", address);
 900		}
 901		break;
 902	default:
 903		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_WARN, "Bad memory Patch16: 0x%08X", address);
 904		break;
 905	}
 906	if (old) {
 907		*old = oldValue;
 908	}
 909}
 910
 911void GBAPatch16(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int16_t value, int16_t* old) {
 912	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 913	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 914	int16_t oldValue = -1;
 915
 916	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 917	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 918		LOAD_16(oldValue, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 2), memory->wram);
 919		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 2), memory->wram);
 920		break;
 921	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 922		LOAD_16(oldValue, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 2), memory->iwram);
 923		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 2), memory->iwram);
 924		break;
 925	case REGION_IO:
 926		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Patch16: 0x%08X", address);
 927		break;
 928	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 929		LOAD_16(oldValue, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 2), gba->video.palette);
 930		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 2), gba->video.palette);
 931		gba->video.renderer->writePalette(gba->video.renderer, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 2), value);
 932		break;
 933	case REGION_VRAM:
 934		if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) {
 935			LOAD_16(oldValue, address & 0x0001FFFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 936			STORE_16(value, address & 0x0001FFFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 937		} else {
 938			LOAD_16(oldValue, address & 0x00017FFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 939			STORE_16(value, address & 0x00017FFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 940		}
 941		break;
 942	case REGION_OAM:
 943		LOAD_16(oldValue, address & (SIZE_OAM - 2), gba->video.oam.raw);
 944		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_OAM - 2), gba->video.oam.raw);
 945		gba->video.renderer->writeOAM(gba->video.renderer, (address & (SIZE_OAM - 2)) >> 1);
 946		break;
 947	case REGION_CART0:
 948	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 949	case REGION_CART1:
 950	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 951	case REGION_CART2:
 952	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 953		_pristineCow(gba);
 954		if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) >= gba->memory.romSize) {
 955			gba->memory.romSize = (address & (SIZE_CART0 - 2)) + 2;
 956		}
 957		LOAD_16(oldValue, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 2), gba->memory.rom);
 958		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 2), gba->memory.rom);
 959		break;
 960	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 961	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 962		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_SRAM) {
 963			LOAD_16(oldValue, address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 2), memory->savedata.data);
 964			STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 2), memory->savedata.data);
 965		} else {
 966			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Writing to non-existent SRAM: 0x%08X", address);
 967		}
 968		break;
 969	default:
 970		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_WARN, "Bad memory Patch16: 0x%08X", address);
 971		break;
 972	}
 973	if (old) {
 974		*old = oldValue;
 975	}
 976}
 977
 978void GBAPatch8(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int8_t value, int8_t* old) {
 979	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 980	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 981	int8_t oldValue = -1;
 982
 983	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 984	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 985		oldValue = ((int8_t*) memory->wram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 1)];
 986		((int8_t*) memory->wram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 1)] = value;
 987		break;
 988	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 989		oldValue = ((int8_t*) memory->iwram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 1)];
 990		((int8_t*) memory->iwram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 1)] = value;
 991		break;
 992	case REGION_IO:
 993		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Patch8: 0x%08X", address);
 994		break;
 995	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 996		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Patch8: 0x%08X", address);
 997		break;
 998	case REGION_VRAM:
 999		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Patch8: 0x%08X", address);
1000		break;
1001	case REGION_OAM:
1002		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Patch8: 0x%08X", address);
1003		break;
1004	case REGION_CART0:
1005	case REGION_CART0_EX:
1006	case REGION_CART1:
1007	case REGION_CART1_EX:
1008	case REGION_CART2:
1009	case REGION_CART2_EX:
1010		_pristineCow(gba);
1011		if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) >= gba->memory.romSize) {
1012			gba->memory.romSize = (address & (SIZE_CART0 - 2)) + 2;
1013		}
1014		oldValue = ((int8_t*) memory->rom)[address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)];
1015		((int8_t*) memory->rom)[address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)] = value;
1016		break;
1017	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
1018	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
1019		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_SRAM) {
1020			oldValue = ((int8_t*) memory->savedata.data)[address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 1)];
1021			((int8_t*) memory->savedata.data)[address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 1)] = value;
1022		} else {
1023			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Writing to non-existent SRAM: 0x%08X", address);
1024		}
1025		break;
1026	default:
1027		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_WARN, "Bad memory Patch8: 0x%08X", address);
1028		break;
1029	}
1030	if (old) {
1031		*old = oldValue;
1032	}
1033}
1034
1035#define LDM_LOOP(LDM) \
1036	for (i = 0; i < 16; i += 4) { \
1037		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (1 << i))) { \
1038			LDM; \
1039			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1040			cpu->gprs[i] = value; \
1041			++wait; \
1042			address += 4; \
1043		} \
1044		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (2 << i))) { \
1045			LDM; \
1046			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1047			cpu->gprs[i + 1] = value; \
1048			++wait; \
1049			address += 4; \
1050		} \
1051		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (4 << i))) { \
1052			LDM; \
1053			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1054			cpu->gprs[i + 2] = value; \
1055			++wait; \
1056			address += 4; \
1057		} \
1058		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (8 << i))) { \
1059			LDM; \
1060			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1061			cpu->gprs[i + 3] = value; \
1062			++wait; \
1063			address += 4; \
1064		} \
1065	}
1066
1067uint32_t GBALoadMultiple(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int mask, enum LSMDirection direction, int* cycleCounter) {
1068	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
1069	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1070	uint32_t value;
1071	int wait = 0;
1072	char* waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesNonseq32;
1073
1074	int i;
1075	int offset = 4;
1076	int popcount = 0;
1077	if (direction & LSM_D) {
1078		offset = -4;
1079		popcount = _popcount32(mask);
1080		address -= (popcount << 2) - 4;
1081	}
1082
1083	if (direction & LSM_B) {
1084		address += offset;
1085	}
1086
1087	uint32_t addressMisalign = address & 0x3;
1088	address &= 0xFFFFFFFC;
1089
1090	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
1091	case REGION_BIOS:
1092		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_BIOS);
1093		break;
1094	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
1095		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_WORKING_RAM);
1096		break;
1097	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
1098		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_WORKING_IRAM);
1099		break;
1100	case REGION_IO:
1101		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_IO);
1102		break;
1103	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
1104		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_PALETTE_RAM);
1105		break;
1106	case REGION_VRAM:
1107		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_VRAM);
1108		break;
1109	case REGION_OAM:
1110		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_OAM);
1111		break;
1112	case REGION_CART0:
1113	case REGION_CART0_EX:
1114	case REGION_CART1:
1115	case REGION_CART1_EX:
1116	case REGION_CART2:
1117	case REGION_CART2_EX:
1118		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_CART);
1119		break;
1120	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
1121	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
1122		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_SRAM);
1123		break;
1124	default:
1125		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_BAD);
1126		break;
1127	}
1128
1129	if (cycleCounter) {
1130		++wait;
1131		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
1132			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
1133		}
1134		*cycleCounter += wait;
1135	}
1136
1137	if (direction & LSM_B) {
1138		address -= offset;
1139	}
1140
1141	if (direction & LSM_D) {
1142		address -= (popcount << 2) + 4;
1143	}
1144
1145	return address | addressMisalign;
1146}
1147
1148#define STM_LOOP(STM) \
1149	for (i = 0; i < 16; i += 4) { \
1150		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (1 << i))) { \
1151			value = cpu->gprs[i]; \
1152			STM; \
1153			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1154			++wait; \
1155			address += 4; \
1156		} \
1157		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (2 << i))) { \
1158			value = cpu->gprs[i + 1]; \
1159			STM; \
1160			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1161			++wait; \
1162			address += 4; \
1163		} \
1164		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (4 << i))) { \
1165			value = cpu->gprs[i + 2]; \
1166			STM; \
1167			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1168			++wait; \
1169			address += 4; \
1170		} \
1171		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (8 << i))) { \
1172			value = cpu->gprs[i + 3]; \
1173			STM; \
1174			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1175			++wait; \
1176			address += 4; \
1177		} \
1178	}
1179
1180uint32_t GBAStoreMultiple(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int mask, enum LSMDirection direction, int* cycleCounter) {
1181	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
1182	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1183	uint32_t value;
1184	int wait = 0;
1185	char* waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesNonseq32;
1186
1187	int i;
1188	int offset = 4;
1189	int popcount = 0;
1190	if (direction & LSM_D) {
1191		offset = -4;
1192		popcount = _popcount32(mask);
1193		address -= (popcount << 2) - 4;
1194	}
1195
1196	if (direction & LSM_B) {
1197		address += offset;
1198	}
1199
1200	uint32_t addressMisalign = address & 0x3;
1201	address &= 0xFFFFFFFC;
1202
1203	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
1204	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
1205		STM_LOOP(STORE_WORKING_RAM);
1206		break;
1207	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
1208		STM_LOOP(STORE_WORKING_IRAM);
1209		break;
1210	case REGION_IO:
1211		STM_LOOP(STORE_IO);
1212		break;
1213	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
1214		STM_LOOP(STORE_PALETTE_RAM);
1215		break;
1216	case REGION_VRAM:
1217		STM_LOOP(STORE_VRAM);
1218		break;
1219	case REGION_OAM:
1220		STM_LOOP(STORE_OAM);
1221		break;
1222	case REGION_CART0:
1223	case REGION_CART0_EX:
1224	case REGION_CART1:
1225	case REGION_CART1_EX:
1226	case REGION_CART2:
1227	case REGION_CART2_EX:
1228		STM_LOOP(STORE_CART);
1229		break;
1230	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
1231	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
1232		STM_LOOP(STORE_SRAM);
1233		break;
1234	default:
1235		STM_LOOP(STORE_BAD);
1236		break;
1237	}
1238
1239	if (cycleCounter) {
1240		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
1241			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
1242		}
1243		*cycleCounter += wait;
1244	}
1245
1246	if (direction & LSM_B) {
1247		address -= offset;
1248	}
1249
1250	if (direction & LSM_D) {
1251		address -= (popcount << 2) + 4;
1252	}
1253
1254	return address | addressMisalign;
1255}
1256
1257void GBAAdjustWaitstates(struct GBA* gba, uint16_t parameters) {
1258	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1259	struct ARMCore* cpu = gba->cpu;
1260	int sram = parameters & 0x0003;
1261	int ws0 = (parameters & 0x000C) >> 2;
1262	int ws0seq = (parameters & 0x0010) >> 4;
1263	int ws1 = (parameters & 0x0060) >> 5;
1264	int ws1seq = (parameters & 0x0080) >> 7;
1265	int ws2 = (parameters & 0x0300) >> 8;
1266	int ws2seq = (parameters & 0x0400) >> 10;
1267	int prefetch = parameters & 0x4000;
1268
1269	memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART_SRAM] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR] =  GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[sram];
1270	memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART_SRAM] = memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[sram];
1271	memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART_SRAM] = memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR] = 2 * GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[sram] + 1;
1272	memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART_SRAM] = memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR] = 2 * GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[sram] + 1;
1273
1274	memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART0] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART0_EX] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[ws0];
1275	memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART1] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART1_EX] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[ws1];
1276	memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART2] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART2_EX] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[ws2];
1277
1278	memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART0] = memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART0_EX] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES_SEQ[ws0seq];
1279	memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART1] = memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART1_EX] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES_SEQ[ws1seq + 2];
1280	memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART2] = memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART2_EX] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES_SEQ[ws2seq + 4];
1281
1282	memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART0] = memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART0_EX] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART0] + 1 + memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART0];
1283	memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART1] = memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART1_EX] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART1] + 1 + memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART1];
1284	memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART2] = memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART2_EX] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART2] + 1 + memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART2];
1285
1286	memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART0] = memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART0_EX] = 2 * memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART0] + 1;
1287	memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART1] = memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART1_EX] = 2 * memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART1] + 1;
1288	memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART2] = memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART2_EX] = 2 * memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART2] + 1;
1289
1290	memory->prefetch = prefetch;
1291
1292	cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles32 = memory->waitstatesSeq32[memory->activeRegion];
1293	cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles16 = memory->waitstatesSeq16[memory->activeRegion];
1294
1295	cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles32 = memory->waitstatesNonseq32[memory->activeRegion];
1296	cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles16 = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[memory->activeRegion];
1297}
1298
1299void GBAMemoryWriteDMASAD(struct GBA* gba, int dma, uint32_t address) {
1300	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1301	memory->dma[dma].source = address & 0x0FFFFFFE;
1302}
1303
1304void GBAMemoryWriteDMADAD(struct GBA* gba, int dma, uint32_t address) {
1305	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1306	memory->dma[dma].dest = address & 0x0FFFFFFE;
1307}
1308
1309void GBAMemoryWriteDMACNT_LO(struct GBA* gba, int dma, uint16_t count) {
1310	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1311	memory->dma[dma].count = count ? count : (dma == 3 ? 0x10000 : 0x4000);
1312}
1313
1314uint16_t GBAMemoryWriteDMACNT_HI(struct GBA* gba, int dma, uint16_t control) {
1315	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1316	struct GBADMA* currentDma = &memory->dma[dma];
1317	int wasEnabled = GBADMARegisterIsEnable(currentDma->reg);
1318	currentDma->reg = control;
1319
1320	if (GBADMARegisterIsDRQ(currentDma->reg)) {
1321		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "DRQ not implemented");
1322	}
1323
1324	if (!wasEnabled && GBADMARegisterIsEnable(currentDma->reg)) {
1325		currentDma->nextSource = currentDma->source;
1326		currentDma->nextDest = currentDma->dest;
1327		currentDma->nextCount = currentDma->count;
1328		GBAMemoryScheduleDMA(gba, dma, currentDma);
1329	}
1330	// If the DMA has already occurred, this value might have changed since the function started
1331	return currentDma->reg;
1332};
1333
1334void GBAMemoryScheduleDMA(struct GBA* gba, int number, struct GBADMA* info) {
1335	struct ARMCore* cpu = gba->cpu;
1336	switch (GBADMARegisterGetTiming(info->reg)) {
1337	case DMA_TIMING_NOW:
1338		info->nextEvent = cpu->cycles;
1339		GBAMemoryUpdateDMAs(gba, 0);
1340		break;
1341	case DMA_TIMING_HBLANK:
1342		// Handled implicitly
1343		info->nextEvent = INT_MAX;
1344		break;
1345	case DMA_TIMING_VBLANK:
1346		// Handled implicitly
1347		info->nextEvent = INT_MAX;
1348		break;
1349	case DMA_TIMING_CUSTOM:
1350		info->nextEvent = INT_MAX;
1351		switch (number) {
1352		case 0:
1353			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_WARN, "Discarding invalid DMA0 scheduling");
1354			break;
1355		case 1:
1356		case 2:
1357			GBAAudioScheduleFifoDma(&gba->audio, number, info);
1358			break;
1359		case 3:
1360			// GBAVideoScheduleVCaptureDma(dma, info);
1361			break;
1362		}
1363	}
1364}
1365
1366void GBAMemoryRunHblankDMAs(struct GBA* gba, int32_t cycles) {
1367	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1368	struct GBADMA* dma;
1369	int i;
1370	for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1371		dma = &memory->dma[i];
1372		if (GBADMARegisterIsEnable(dma->reg) && GBADMARegisterGetTiming(dma->reg) == DMA_TIMING_HBLANK) {
1373			dma->nextEvent = cycles;
1374		}
1375	}
1376	GBAMemoryUpdateDMAs(gba, 0);
1377}
1378
1379void GBAMemoryRunVblankDMAs(struct GBA* gba, int32_t cycles) {
1380	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1381	struct GBADMA* dma;
1382	int i;
1383	for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1384		dma = &memory->dma[i];
1385		if (GBADMARegisterIsEnable(dma->reg) && GBADMARegisterGetTiming(dma->reg) == DMA_TIMING_VBLANK) {
1386			dma->nextEvent = cycles;
1387		}
1388	}
1389	GBAMemoryUpdateDMAs(gba, 0);
1390}
1391
1392int32_t GBAMemoryRunDMAs(struct GBA* gba, int32_t cycles) {
1393	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1394	if (memory->nextDMA == INT_MAX) {
1395		return INT_MAX;
1396	}
1397	memory->nextDMA -= cycles;
1398	memory->eventDiff += cycles;
1399	if (memory->nextDMA <= 0) {
1400		struct GBADMA* dma = &memory->dma[memory->activeDMA];
1401		GBAMemoryServiceDMA(gba, memory->activeDMA, dma);
1402		GBAMemoryUpdateDMAs(gba, memory->eventDiff);
1403		memory->eventDiff = 0;
1404	}
1405	return memory->nextDMA;
1406}
1407
1408void GBAMemoryUpdateDMAs(struct GBA* gba, int32_t cycles) {
1409	int i;
1410	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1411	struct ARMCore* cpu = gba->cpu;
1412	memory->activeDMA = -1;
1413	memory->nextDMA = INT_MAX;
1414	for (i = 3; i >= 0; --i) {
1415		struct GBADMA* dma = &memory->dma[i];
1416		if (dma->nextEvent != INT_MAX) {
1417			dma->nextEvent -= cycles;
1418			if (GBADMARegisterIsEnable(dma->reg)) {
1419				memory->activeDMA = i;
1420				memory->nextDMA = dma->nextEvent;
1421			}
1422		}
1423	}
1424	if (memory->nextDMA < cpu->nextEvent) {
1425		cpu->nextEvent = memory->nextDMA;
1426	}
1427}
1428
1429void GBAMemoryServiceDMA(struct GBA* gba, int number, struct GBADMA* info) {
1430	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1431	struct ARMCore* cpu = gba->cpu;
1432	uint32_t width = GBADMARegisterGetWidth(info->reg) ? 4 : 2;
1433	int sourceOffset = DMA_OFFSET[GBADMARegisterGetSrcControl(info->reg)] * width;
1434	int destOffset = DMA_OFFSET[GBADMARegisterGetDestControl(info->reg)] * width;
1435	int32_t wordsRemaining = info->nextCount;
1436	uint32_t source = info->nextSource;
1437	uint32_t dest = info->nextDest;
1438	uint32_t sourceRegion = source >> BASE_OFFSET;
1439	uint32_t destRegion = dest >> BASE_OFFSET;
1440	int32_t cycles = 2;
1441
1442	if (source == info->source) {
1443		// TODO: support 4 cycles for ROM access
1444		cycles += 2;
1445		if (width == 4) {
1446			cycles += memory->waitstatesNonseq32[sourceRegion] + memory->waitstatesNonseq32[destRegion];
1447			source &= 0xFFFFFFFC;
1448			dest &= 0xFFFFFFFC;
1449		} else {
1450			cycles += memory->waitstatesNonseq16[sourceRegion] + memory->waitstatesNonseq16[destRegion];
1451		}
1452	} else {
1453		if (width == 4) {
1454			cycles += memory->waitstatesSeq32[sourceRegion] + memory->waitstatesSeq32[destRegion];
1455		} else {
1456			cycles += memory->waitstatesSeq16[sourceRegion] + memory->waitstatesSeq16[destRegion];
1457		}
1458	}
1459
1460	gba->performingDMA = true;
1461	int32_t word;
1462	if (width == 4) {
1463		word = cpu->memory.load32(cpu, source, 0);
1464		gba->bus = word;
1465		cpu->memory.store32(cpu, dest, word, 0);
1466		source += sourceOffset;
1467		dest += destOffset;
1468		--wordsRemaining;
1469	} else {
1470		if (sourceRegion == REGION_CART2_EX && memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_EEPROM) {
1471			word = GBASavedataReadEEPROM(&memory->savedata);
1472			gba->bus = word | (word << 16);
1473			cpu->memory.store16(cpu, dest, word, 0);
1474			source += sourceOffset;
1475			dest += destOffset;
1476			--wordsRemaining;
1477		} else if (destRegion == REGION_CART2_EX) {
1478			if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_AUTODETECT) {
1479				GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_INFO, "Detected EEPROM savegame");
1480				GBASavedataInitEEPROM(&memory->savedata);
1481			}
1482			word = cpu->memory.load16(cpu, source, 0);
1483			gba->bus = word | (word << 16);
1484			GBASavedataWriteEEPROM(&memory->savedata, word, wordsRemaining);
1485			source += sourceOffset;
1486			dest += destOffset;
1487			--wordsRemaining;
1488		} else {
1489			word = cpu->memory.load16(cpu, source, 0);
1490			gba->bus = word | (word << 16);
1491			cpu->memory.store16(cpu, dest, word, 0);
1492			source += sourceOffset;
1493			dest += destOffset;
1494			--wordsRemaining;
1495		}
1496	}
1497	gba->performingDMA = false;
1498
1499	if (!wordsRemaining) {
1500		if (!GBADMARegisterIsRepeat(info->reg) || GBADMARegisterGetTiming(info->reg) == DMA_TIMING_NOW) {
1501			info->reg = GBADMARegisterClearEnable(info->reg);
1502			info->nextEvent = INT_MAX;
1503
1504			// Clear the enable bit in memory
1505			memory->io[(REG_DMA0CNT_HI + number * (REG_DMA1CNT_HI - REG_DMA0CNT_HI)) >> 1] &= 0x7FE0;
1506		} else {
1507			info->nextCount = info->count;
1508			if (GBADMARegisterGetDestControl(info->reg) == DMA_INCREMENT_RELOAD) {
1509				info->nextDest = info->dest;
1510			}
1511			GBAMemoryScheduleDMA(gba, number, info);
1512		}
1513		if (GBADMARegisterIsDoIRQ(info->reg)) {
1514			GBARaiseIRQ(gba, IRQ_DMA0 + number);
1515		}
1516	} else {
1517		info->nextDest = dest;
1518		info->nextCount = wordsRemaining;
1519	}
1520	info->nextSource = source;
1521
1522	if (info->nextEvent != INT_MAX) {
1523		info->nextEvent += cycles;
1524	}
1525	cpu->cycles += cycles;
1526}
1527
1528int32_t GBAMemoryStall(struct ARMCore* cpu, int32_t wait) {
1529	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
1530	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1531
1532	if (memory->activeRegion < REGION_CART0 || !memory->prefetch) {
1533		// The wait is the stall
1534		return wait;
1535	}
1536
1537	int32_t s = cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles16 + 1;
1538	int32_t n2s = cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles16 - cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles16 + 1;
1539
1540	// Figure out how many sequential loads we can jam in
1541	int32_t stall = s;
1542	int32_t loads = 1;
1543	int32_t previousLoads = 0;
1544
1545	// Don't prefetch too much if we're overlapping with a previous prefetch
1546	uint32_t dist = (memory->lastPrefetchedPc - cpu->gprs[ARM_PC]) >> 1;
1547	if (dist < memory->lastPrefetchedLoads) {
1548		previousLoads = dist;
1549	}
1550	while (stall < wait) {
1551		stall += s;
1552		++loads;
1553	}
1554	if (loads + previousLoads > 8) {
1555		int diff = (loads + previousLoads) - 8;
1556		loads -= diff;
1557		stall -= s * diff;
1558	} else if (stall > wait && loads == 1) {
1559		// We might need to stall a bit extra if we haven't finished the first S cycle
1560		wait = stall;
1561	}
1562	// This instruction used to have an N, convert it to an S.
1563	wait -= n2s;
1564
1565	// TODO: Invalidate prefetch on branch
1566	memory->lastPrefetchedLoads = loads;
1567	memory->lastPrefetchedPc = cpu->gprs[ARM_PC] + WORD_SIZE_THUMB * loads;
1568
1569	// The next |loads|S waitstates disappear entirely, so long as they're all in a row
1570	cpu->cycles -= (s - 1) * loads;
1571	return wait;
1572}
1573
1574void GBAMemorySerialize(const struct GBAMemory* memory, struct GBASerializedState* state) {
1575	memcpy(state->wram, memory->wram, SIZE_WORKING_RAM);
1576	memcpy(state->iwram, memory->iwram, SIZE_WORKING_IRAM);
1577}
1578
1579void GBAMemoryDeserialize(struct GBAMemory* memory, const struct GBASerializedState* state) {
1580	memcpy(memory->wram, state->wram, SIZE_WORKING_RAM);
1581	memcpy(memory->iwram, state->iwram, SIZE_WORKING_IRAM);
1582}
1583
1584uint32_t _popcount32(unsigned bits) {
1585	bits = bits - ((bits >> 1) & 0x55555555);
1586	bits = (bits & 0x33333333) + ((bits >> 2) & 0x33333333);
1587	return (((bits + (bits >> 4)) & 0xF0F0F0F) * 0x1010101) >> 24;
1588}
1589
1590void _pristineCow(struct GBA* gba) {
1591	if (gba->memory.rom != gba->pristineRom) {
1592		return;
1593	}
1594	gba->memory.rom = anonymousMemoryMap(SIZE_CART0);
1595	memcpy(gba->memory.rom, gba->pristineRom, gba->memory.romSize);
1596	memset(((uint8_t*) gba->memory.rom) + gba->memory.romSize, 0xFF, SIZE_CART0 - gba->memory.romSize);
1597}