all repos — mgba @ 688b1933ec25e56aca31845b174b13edc2858ed8

mGBA Game Boy Advance Emulator

src/gba/memory.c (view raw)

   1/* Copyright (c) 2013-2015 Jeffrey Pfau
   2 *
   3 * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
   4 * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
   5 * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
   6#include "memory.h"
   7
   8#include "macros.h"
   9
  10#include "decoder.h"
  11#include "gba/hardware.h"
  12#include "gba/io.h"
  13#include "gba/serialize.h"
  14#include "gba/hle-bios.h"
  15#include "util/memory.h"
  16
  17#define IDLE_LOOP_THRESHOLD 10000
  18
  19static uint32_t _popcount32(unsigned bits);
  20static void _pristineCow(struct GBA* gba);
  21static uint32_t _deadbeef[1] = { 0xE710B710 }; // Illegal instruction on both ARM and Thumb
  22
  23static void GBASetActiveRegion(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t region);
  24static void GBAMemoryServiceDMA(struct GBA* gba, int number, struct GBADMA* info);
  25static int32_t GBAMemoryStall(struct ARMCore* cpu, int32_t wait);
  26
  27static const char GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES[16] = { 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 };
  28static const char GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_32[16] = { 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 7, 7, 9, 9, 13, 13, 9 };
  29static const char GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_SEQ[16] = { 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8, 4 };
  30static const char GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_SEQ_32[16] = { 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 5, 5, 9, 9, 17, 17, 9 };
  31static const char GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[] = { 4, 3, 2, 8 };
  32static const char GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES_SEQ[] = { 2, 1, 4, 1, 8, 1 };
  33static const int DMA_OFFSET[] = { 1, -1, 0, 1 };
  34
  35void GBAMemoryInit(struct GBA* gba) {
  36	struct ARMCore* cpu = gba->cpu;
  37	cpu->memory.load32 = GBALoad32;
  38	cpu->memory.load16 = GBALoad16;
  39	cpu->memory.load8 = GBALoad8;
  40	cpu->memory.loadMultiple = GBALoadMultiple;
  41	cpu->memory.store32 = GBAStore32;
  42	cpu->memory.store16 = GBAStore16;
  43	cpu->memory.store8 = GBAStore8;
  44	cpu->memory.storeMultiple = GBAStoreMultiple;
  45	cpu->memory.stall = GBAMemoryStall;
  46
  47	gba->memory.bios = (uint32_t*) hleBios;
  48	gba->memory.fullBios = 0;
  49	gba->memory.wram = 0;
  50	gba->memory.iwram = 0;
  51	gba->memory.rom = 0;
  52	gba->memory.romSize = 0;
  53	gba->memory.hw.p = gba;
  54
  55	int i;
  56	for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
  57		gba->memory.waitstatesNonseq16[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES[i];
  58		gba->memory.waitstatesSeq16[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_SEQ[i];
  59		gba->memory.waitstatesPrefetchNonseq16[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES[i];
  60		gba->memory.waitstatesPrefetchSeq16[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_SEQ[i];
  61		gba->memory.waitstatesNonseq32[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_32[i];
  62		gba->memory.waitstatesSeq32[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_SEQ_32[i];
  63		gba->memory.waitstatesPrefetchNonseq32[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_32[i];
  64		gba->memory.waitstatesPrefetchSeq32[i] = GBA_BASE_WAITSTATES_SEQ_32[i];
  65	}
  66	for (; i < 256; ++i) {
  67		gba->memory.waitstatesNonseq16[i] = 0;
  68		gba->memory.waitstatesSeq16[i] = 0;
  69		gba->memory.waitstatesNonseq32[i] = 0;
  70		gba->memory.waitstatesSeq32[i] = 0;
  71	}
  72
  73	gba->memory.activeRegion = -1;
  74	cpu->memory.activeRegion = 0;
  75	cpu->memory.activeMask = 0;
  76	cpu->memory.setActiveRegion = GBASetActiveRegion;
  77	cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles32 = 0;
  78	cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles16 = 0;
  79	cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles32 = 0;
  80	cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles16 = 0;
  81	gba->memory.biosPrefetch = 0;
  82}
  83
  84void GBAMemoryDeinit(struct GBA* gba) {
  85	mappedMemoryFree(gba->memory.wram, SIZE_WORKING_RAM);
  86	mappedMemoryFree(gba->memory.iwram, SIZE_WORKING_IRAM);
  87	if (gba->memory.rom) {
  88		mappedMemoryFree(gba->memory.rom, gba->memory.romSize);
  89	}
  90	GBASavedataDeinit(&gba->memory.savedata);
  91}
  92
  93void GBAMemoryReset(struct GBA* gba) {
  94	if (gba->memory.wram) {
  95		mappedMemoryFree(gba->memory.wram, SIZE_WORKING_RAM);
  96	}
  97	gba->memory.wram = anonymousMemoryMap(SIZE_WORKING_RAM);
  98
  99	if (gba->memory.iwram) {
 100		mappedMemoryFree(gba->memory.iwram, SIZE_WORKING_IRAM);
 101	}
 102	gba->memory.iwram = anonymousMemoryMap(SIZE_WORKING_IRAM);
 103
 104	memset(gba->memory.io, 0, sizeof(gba->memory.io));
 105	memset(gba->memory.dma, 0, sizeof(gba->memory.dma));
 106	int i;
 107	for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
 108		gba->memory.dma[i].count = 0x4000;
 109		gba->memory.dma[i].nextEvent = INT_MAX;
 110	}
 111	gba->memory.dma[3].count = 0x10000;
 112	gba->memory.activeDMA = -1;
 113	gba->memory.nextDMA = INT_MAX;
 114	gba->memory.eventDiff = 0;
 115
 116	if (!gba->memory.wram || !gba->memory.iwram) {
 117		GBAMemoryDeinit(gba);
 118		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_FATAL, "Could not map memory");
 119	}
 120}
 121
 122static void _analyzeForIdleLoop(struct GBA* gba, struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address) {
 123	struct ARMInstructionInfo info;
 124	uint32_t nextAddress = address;
 125	memset(gba->taintedRegisters, 0, sizeof(gba->taintedRegisters));
 126	if (cpu->executionMode == MODE_THUMB) {
 127		while (true) {
 128			uint16_t opcode;
 129			LOAD_16(opcode, nextAddress & cpu->memory.activeMask, cpu->memory.activeRegion);
 130			ARMDecodeThumb(opcode, &info);
 131			switch (info.branchType) {
 132			case ARM_BRANCH_NONE:
 133				if (info.operandFormat & ARM_OPERAND_MEMORY_2) {
 134					if (info.mnemonic == ARM_MN_STR || gba->taintedRegisters[info.memory.baseReg]) {
 135						gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 136						return;
 137					}
 138					uint32_t loadAddress = gba->cachedRegisters[info.memory.baseReg];
 139					uint32_t offset = 0;
 140					if (info.memory.format & ARM_MEMORY_IMMEDIATE_OFFSET) {
 141						offset = info.memory.offset.immediate;
 142					} else if (info.memory.format & ARM_MEMORY_REGISTER_OFFSET) {
 143						int reg = info.memory.offset.reg;
 144						if (gba->cachedRegisters[reg]) {
 145							gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 146							return;
 147						}
 148						offset = gba->cachedRegisters[reg];
 149					}
 150					if (info.memory.format & ARM_MEMORY_OFFSET_SUBTRACT) {
 151						loadAddress -= offset;
 152					} else {
 153						loadAddress += offset;
 154					}
 155					if ((loadAddress >> BASE_OFFSET) == REGION_IO) {
 156						gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 157						return;
 158					}
 159					if ((loadAddress >> BASE_OFFSET) < REGION_CART0 || (loadAddress >> BASE_OFFSET) > REGION_CART2_EX) {
 160						gba->taintedRegisters[info.op1.reg] = true;
 161					} else {
 162						switch (info.memory.width) {
 163						case 1:
 164							gba->cachedRegisters[info.op1.reg] = GBALoad8(cpu, loadAddress, 0);
 165							break;
 166						case 2:
 167							gba->cachedRegisters[info.op1.reg] = GBALoad16(cpu, loadAddress, 0);
 168							break;
 169						case 4:
 170							gba->cachedRegisters[info.op1.reg] = GBALoad32(cpu, loadAddress, 0);
 171							break;
 172						}
 173					}
 174				} else if (info.operandFormat & ARM_OPERAND_AFFECTED_1) {
 175					gba->taintedRegisters[info.op1.reg] = true;
 176				}
 177				nextAddress += WORD_SIZE_THUMB;
 178				break;
 179			case ARM_BRANCH:
 180				if ((uint32_t) info.op1.immediate + nextAddress + WORD_SIZE_THUMB * 2 == address) {
 181					gba->idleLoop = address;
 182					gba->idleOptimization = IDLE_LOOP_REMOVE;
 183				}
 184				gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 185				return;
 186			default:
 187				gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 188				return;
 189			}
 190		}
 191	} else {
 192		gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 193	}
 194}
 195
 196static void GBASetActiveRegion(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address) {
 197	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 198	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 199
 200	int newRegion = address >> BASE_OFFSET;
 201	if (gba->idleOptimization >= IDLE_LOOP_REMOVE && memory->activeRegion != REGION_BIOS) {
 202		if (address == gba->idleLoop) {
 203			if (gba->haltPending) {
 204				gba->haltPending = false;
 205				GBAHalt(gba);
 206			} else {
 207				gba->haltPending = true;
 208			}
 209		} else if (gba->idleOptimization >= IDLE_LOOP_DETECT && newRegion == memory->activeRegion) {
 210			if (address == gba->lastJump) {
 211				switch (gba->idleDetectionStep) {
 212				case 0:
 213					memcpy(gba->cachedRegisters, cpu->gprs, sizeof(gba->cachedRegisters));
 214					++gba->idleDetectionStep;
 215					break;
 216				case 1:
 217					if (memcmp(gba->cachedRegisters, cpu->gprs, sizeof(gba->cachedRegisters))) {
 218						gba->idleDetectionStep = -1;
 219						++gba->idleDetectionFailures;
 220						if (gba->idleDetectionFailures > IDLE_LOOP_THRESHOLD) {
 221							gba->idleOptimization = IDLE_LOOP_IGNORE;
 222						}
 223						break;
 224					}
 225					_analyzeForIdleLoop(gba, cpu, address);
 226					break;
 227				}
 228			} else {
 229				gba->idleDetectionStep = 0;
 230			}
 231		}
 232	}
 233
 234	gba->lastJump = address;
 235	if (newRegion == memory->activeRegion && (newRegion < REGION_CART0 || (address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) < memory->romSize)) {
 236		return;
 237	}
 238
 239	if (memory->activeRegion == REGION_BIOS) {
 240		memory->biosPrefetch = cpu->prefetch[1];
 241	}
 242	memory->activeRegion = newRegion;
 243	switch (newRegion) {
 244	case REGION_BIOS:
 245		cpu->memory.activeRegion = memory->bios;
 246		cpu->memory.activeMask = SIZE_BIOS - 1;
 247		break;
 248	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 249		cpu->memory.activeRegion = memory->wram;
 250		cpu->memory.activeMask = SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 1;
 251		break;
 252	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 253		cpu->memory.activeRegion = memory->iwram;
 254		cpu->memory.activeMask = SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 1;
 255		break;
 256	case REGION_VRAM:
 257		cpu->memory.activeRegion = (uint32_t*) gba->video.renderer->vram;
 258		cpu->memory.activeMask = 0x0000FFFF;
 259		break;
 260	case REGION_CART0:
 261	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 262	case REGION_CART1:
 263	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 264	case REGION_CART2:
 265	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 266		cpu->memory.activeRegion = memory->rom;
 267		cpu->memory.activeMask = SIZE_CART0 - 1;
 268		if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) < memory->romSize) {
 269			break;
 270		}
 271		// Fall through
 272	default:
 273		memory->activeRegion = -1;
 274		cpu->memory.activeRegion = _deadbeef;
 275		cpu->memory.activeMask = 0;
 276		if (!gba->yankedRomSize) {
 277			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_FATAL, "Jumped to invalid address");
 278		}
 279		return;
 280	}
 281	cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles32 = memory->waitstatesSeq32[memory->activeRegion];
 282	cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles16 = memory->waitstatesSeq16[memory->activeRegion];
 283	cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles32 = memory->waitstatesNonseq32[memory->activeRegion];
 284	cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles16 = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[memory->activeRegion];
 285}
 286
 287#define LOAD_BAD \
 288	if (gba->performingDMA) { \
 289		value = gba->bus; \
 290	} else { \
 291		value = cpu->prefetch[1]; \
 292		if (cpu->executionMode == MODE_THUMB) { \
 293			/* http://ngemu.com/threads/gba-open-bus.170809/ */ \
 294			switch (cpu->gprs[ARM_PC] >> BASE_OFFSET) { \
 295			case REGION_BIOS: \
 296			case REGION_OAM: \
 297				/* This isn't right half the time, but we don't have $+6 handy */ \
 298				value <<= 16; \
 299				value |= cpu->prefetch[0]; \
 300				break; \
 301			case REGION_WORKING_IRAM: \
 302				/* This doesn't handle prefetch clobbering */ \
 303				if (cpu->gprs[ARM_PC] & 2) { \
 304					value |= cpu->prefetch[0] << 16; \
 305				} else { \
 306					value <<= 16; \
 307					value |= cpu->prefetch[0]; \
 308				} \
 309			default: \
 310				value |= value << 16; \
 311			} \
 312		} \
 313	}
 314
 315#define LOAD_BIOS \
 316	if (address < SIZE_BIOS) { \
 317		if (memory->activeRegion == REGION_BIOS) { \
 318			LOAD_32(value, address, memory->bios); \
 319		} else { \
 320			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad BIOS Load32: 0x%08X", address); \
 321			value = memory->biosPrefetch; \
 322		} \
 323	} else { \
 324		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Load32: 0x%08X", address); \
 325		LOAD_BAD; \
 326	}
 327
 328#define LOAD_WORKING_RAM \
 329	LOAD_32(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 4), memory->wram); \
 330	wait += waitstatesRegion[REGION_WORKING_RAM];
 331
 332#define LOAD_WORKING_IRAM LOAD_32(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 4), memory->iwram);
 333#define LOAD_IO value = GBAIORead(gba, (address & (SIZE_IO - 1)) & ~2) | (GBAIORead(gba, (address & (SIZE_IO - 1)) | 2) << 16);
 334
 335#define LOAD_PALETTE_RAM \
 336	LOAD_32(value, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4), gba->video.palette); \
 337	wait += waitstatesRegion[REGION_PALETTE_RAM];
 338
 339#define LOAD_VRAM \
 340	if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) { \
 341		LOAD_32(value, address & 0x0001FFFC, gba->video.renderer->vram); \
 342	} else { \
 343		LOAD_32(value, address & 0x00017FFC, gba->video.renderer->vram); \
 344	} \
 345	wait += waitstatesRegion[REGION_VRAM];
 346
 347#define LOAD_OAM LOAD_32(value, address & (SIZE_OAM - 4), gba->video.oam.raw);
 348
 349#define LOAD_CART \
 350	wait += waitstatesRegion[address >> BASE_OFFSET]; \
 351	if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) < memory->romSize) { \
 352		LOAD_32(value, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 4), memory->rom); \
 353	} else { \
 354		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Out of bounds ROM Load32: 0x%08X", address); \
 355		value = (address >> 1) & 0xFFFF; \
 356		value |= ((address + 2) >> 1) << 16; \
 357	}
 358
 359#define LOAD_SRAM \
 360	wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[address >> BASE_OFFSET]; \
 361	value = GBALoad8(cpu, address, 0); \
 362	value |= value << 8; \
 363	value |= value << 16;
 364
 365uint32_t GBALoad32(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int* cycleCounter) {
 366	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 367	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 368	uint32_t value = 0;
 369	int wait = 0;
 370	char* waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesNonseq32;
 371
 372	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 373	case REGION_BIOS:
 374		LOAD_BIOS;
 375		break;
 376	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 377		LOAD_WORKING_RAM;
 378		break;
 379	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 380		LOAD_WORKING_IRAM;
 381		break;
 382	case REGION_IO:
 383		LOAD_IO;
 384		break;
 385	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 386		LOAD_PALETTE_RAM;
 387		break;
 388	case REGION_VRAM:
 389		LOAD_VRAM;
 390		break;
 391	case REGION_OAM:
 392		LOAD_OAM;
 393		break;
 394	case REGION_CART0:
 395	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 396	case REGION_CART1:
 397	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 398	case REGION_CART2:
 399	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 400		LOAD_CART;
 401		break;
 402	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 403	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 404		LOAD_SRAM;
 405		break;
 406	default:
 407		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Load32: 0x%08X", address);
 408		LOAD_BAD;
 409		break;
 410	}
 411
 412	if (cycleCounter) {
 413		wait += 2;
 414		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
 415			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
 416		}
 417		*cycleCounter += wait;
 418	}
 419	// Unaligned 32-bit loads are "rotated" so they make some semblance of sense
 420	int rotate = (address & 3) << 3;
 421	return ROR(value, rotate);
 422}
 423
 424uint32_t GBALoad16(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int* cycleCounter) {
 425	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 426	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 427	uint32_t value = 0;
 428	int wait = 0;
 429
 430	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 431	case REGION_BIOS:
 432		if (address < SIZE_BIOS) {
 433			if (memory->activeRegion == REGION_BIOS) {
 434				LOAD_16(value, address, memory->bios);
 435			} else {
 436				GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad BIOS Load16: 0x%08X", address);
 437				LOAD_16(value, address & 2, &memory->biosPrefetch);
 438			}
 439		} else {
 440			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Load16: 0x%08X", address);
 441			LOAD_BAD;
 442			uint32_t v2 = value;
 443			LOAD_16(value, address & 2, &v2);
 444		}
 445		break;
 446	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 447		LOAD_16(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 2), memory->wram);
 448		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_WORKING_RAM];
 449		break;
 450	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 451		LOAD_16(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 2), memory->iwram);
 452		break;
 453	case REGION_IO:
 454		value = GBAIORead(gba, address & (SIZE_IO - 2));
 455		break;
 456	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 457		LOAD_16(value, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 2), gba->video.palette);
 458		break;
 459	case REGION_VRAM:
 460		if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) {
 461			LOAD_16(value, address & 0x0001FFFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 462		} else {
 463			LOAD_16(value, address & 0x00017FFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 464		}
 465		break;
 466	case REGION_OAM:
 467		LOAD_16(value, address & (SIZE_OAM - 2), gba->video.oam.raw);
 468		break;
 469	case REGION_CART0:
 470	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 471	case REGION_CART1:
 472	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 473	case REGION_CART2:
 474		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[address >> BASE_OFFSET];
 475		if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) < memory->romSize) {
 476			LOAD_16(value, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 2), memory->rom);
 477		} else {
 478			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Out of bounds ROM Load16: 0x%08X", address);
 479			value = (address >> 1) & 0xFFFF; \
 480		}
 481		break;
 482	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 483		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[address >> BASE_OFFSET];
 484		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_EEPROM) {
 485			value = GBASavedataReadEEPROM(&memory->savedata);
 486		} else if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) < memory->romSize) {
 487			LOAD_16(value, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 2), memory->rom);
 488		} else {
 489			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Out of bounds ROM Load16: 0x%08X", address);
 490			value = (address >> 1) & 0xFFFF; \
 491		}
 492		break;
 493	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 494	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 495		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[address >> BASE_OFFSET];
 496		value = GBALoad8(cpu, address, 0);
 497		value |= value << 8;
 498		break;
 499	default:
 500		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Load16: 0x%08X", address);
 501		LOAD_BAD;
 502		uint32_t v2 = value;
 503		LOAD_16(value, address & 2, &v2);
 504		break;
 505	}
 506
 507	if (cycleCounter) {
 508		wait += 2;
 509		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
 510			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
 511		}
 512		*cycleCounter += wait;
 513	}
 514	// Unaligned 16-bit loads are "unpredictable", but the GBA rotates them, so we have to, too.
 515	int rotate = (address & 1) << 3;
 516	return ROR(value, rotate);
 517}
 518
 519uint32_t GBALoad8(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int* cycleCounter) {
 520	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 521	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 522	uint32_t value = 0;
 523	int wait = 0;
 524
 525	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 526	case REGION_BIOS:
 527		if (address < SIZE_BIOS) {
 528			if (memory->activeRegion == REGION_BIOS) {
 529				value = ((uint8_t*) memory->bios)[address];
 530			} else {
 531				GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad BIOS Load8: 0x%08X", address);
 532				value = ((uint8_t*) &memory->biosPrefetch)[address & 3];
 533			}
 534		} else {
 535			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Load8: 0x%08x", address);
 536			LOAD_BAD;
 537			value = ((uint8_t*) &value)[address & 3];
 538		}
 539		break;
 540	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 541		value = ((uint8_t*) memory->wram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 1)];
 542		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_WORKING_RAM];
 543		break;
 544	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 545		value = ((uint8_t*) memory->iwram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 1)];
 546		break;
 547	case REGION_IO:
 548		value = (GBAIORead(gba, address & 0xFFFE) >> ((address & 0x0001) << 3)) & 0xFF;
 549		break;
 550	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 551		value = ((uint8_t*) gba->video.palette)[address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 1)];
 552		break;
 553	case REGION_VRAM:
 554		if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) {
 555			value = ((uint8_t*) gba->video.renderer->vram)[address & 0x0001FFFF];
 556		} else {
 557			value = ((uint8_t*) gba->video.renderer->vram)[address & 0x00017FFF];
 558		}
 559		break;
 560	case REGION_OAM:
 561		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Load8: 0x%08X", address);
 562		break;
 563	case REGION_CART0:
 564	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 565	case REGION_CART1:
 566	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 567	case REGION_CART2:
 568	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 569		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[address >> BASE_OFFSET];
 570		if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) < memory->romSize) {
 571			value = ((uint8_t*) memory->rom)[address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)];
 572		} else {
 573			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Out of bounds ROM Load8: 0x%08X", address);
 574			value = (address >> 1) & 0xFF; \
 575		}
 576		break;
 577	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 578	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 579		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[address >> BASE_OFFSET];
 580		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_AUTODETECT) {
 581			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_INFO, "Detected SRAM savegame");
 582			GBASavedataInitSRAM(&memory->savedata);
 583		}
 584		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_SRAM) {
 585			value = memory->savedata.data[address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 1)];
 586		} else if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_FLASH512 || memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_FLASH1M) {
 587			value = GBASavedataReadFlash(&memory->savedata, address);
 588		} else if (memory->hw.devices & HW_TILT) {
 589			value = GBAHardwareTiltRead(&memory->hw, address & OFFSET_MASK);
 590		} else {
 591			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Reading from non-existent SRAM: 0x%08X", address);
 592			value = 0xFF;
 593		}
 594		value &= 0xFF;
 595		break;
 596	default:
 597		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Load8: 0x%08x", address);
 598		LOAD_BAD;
 599		value = ((uint8_t*) &value)[address & 3];
 600		break;
 601	}
 602
 603	if (cycleCounter) {
 604		wait += 2;
 605		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
 606			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
 607		}
 608		*cycleCounter += wait;
 609	}
 610	return value;
 611}
 612
 613#define STORE_WORKING_RAM \
 614	STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 4), memory->wram); \
 615	wait += waitstatesRegion[REGION_WORKING_RAM];
 616
 617#define STORE_WORKING_IRAM \
 618	STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 4), memory->iwram);
 619
 620#define STORE_IO \
 621	GBAIOWrite32(gba, address & (SIZE_IO - 4), value);
 622
 623#define STORE_PALETTE_RAM \
 624	STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4), gba->video.palette); \
 625	gba->video.renderer->writePalette(gba->video.renderer, (address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4)) + 2, value >> 16); \
 626	wait += waitstatesRegion[REGION_PALETTE_RAM]; \
 627	gba->video.renderer->writePalette(gba->video.renderer, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4), value);
 628
 629#define STORE_VRAM \
 630	if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) { \
 631		STORE_32(value, address & 0x0001FFFC, gba->video.renderer->vram); \
 632	} else { \
 633		STORE_32(value, address & 0x00017FFC, gba->video.renderer->vram); \
 634	} \
 635	wait += waitstatesRegion[REGION_VRAM];
 636
 637#define STORE_OAM \
 638	STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_OAM - 4), gba->video.oam.raw); \
 639	gba->video.renderer->writeOAM(gba->video.renderer, (address & (SIZE_OAM - 4)) >> 1); \
 640	gba->video.renderer->writeOAM(gba->video.renderer, ((address & (SIZE_OAM - 4)) >> 1) + 1);
 641
 642#define STORE_CART \
 643	wait += waitstatesRegion[address >> BASE_OFFSET]; \
 644	GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Store32: 0x%08X", address);
 645
 646#define STORE_SRAM \
 647	GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Store32: 0x%08X", address);
 648
 649#define STORE_BAD \
 650	GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Store32: 0x%08X", address);
 651
 652void GBAStore32(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int32_t value, int* cycleCounter) {
 653	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 654	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 655	int wait = 0;
 656	char* waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesNonseq32;
 657
 658	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 659	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 660		STORE_WORKING_RAM;
 661		break;
 662	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 663		STORE_WORKING_IRAM
 664		break;
 665	case REGION_IO:
 666		STORE_IO;
 667		break;
 668	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 669		STORE_PALETTE_RAM;
 670		break;
 671	case REGION_VRAM:
 672		STORE_VRAM;
 673		break;
 674	case REGION_OAM:
 675		STORE_OAM;
 676		break;
 677	case REGION_CART0:
 678	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 679	case REGION_CART1:
 680	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 681	case REGION_CART2:
 682	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 683		STORE_CART;
 684		break;
 685	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 686	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 687		STORE_SRAM;
 688		break;
 689	default:
 690		STORE_BAD;
 691		break;
 692	}
 693
 694	if (cycleCounter) {
 695		++wait;
 696		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
 697			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
 698		}
 699		*cycleCounter += wait;
 700	}
 701}
 702
 703void GBAStore16(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int16_t value, int* cycleCounter) {
 704	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 705	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 706	int wait = 0;
 707
 708	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 709	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 710		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 2), memory->wram);
 711		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_WORKING_RAM];
 712		break;
 713	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 714		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 2), memory->iwram);
 715		break;
 716	case REGION_IO:
 717		GBAIOWrite(gba, address & (SIZE_IO - 2), value);
 718		break;
 719	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 720		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 2), gba->video.palette);
 721		gba->video.renderer->writePalette(gba->video.renderer, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 2), value);
 722		break;
 723	case REGION_VRAM:
 724		if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) {
 725			STORE_16(value, address & 0x0001FFFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 726		} else {
 727			STORE_16(value, address & 0x00017FFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 728		}
 729		break;
 730	case REGION_OAM:
 731		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_OAM - 2), gba->video.oam.raw);
 732		gba->video.renderer->writeOAM(gba->video.renderer, (address & (SIZE_OAM - 2)) >> 1);
 733		break;
 734	case REGION_CART0:
 735		if (memory->hw.devices != HW_NONE && IS_GPIO_REGISTER(address & 0xFFFFFE)) {
 736			uint32_t reg = address & 0xFFFFFE;
 737			GBAHardwareGPIOWrite(&memory->hw, reg, value);
 738		} else {
 739			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad cartridge Store16: 0x%08X", address);
 740		}
 741		break;
 742	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 743		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_AUTODETECT) {
 744			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_INFO, "Detected EEPROM savegame");
 745			GBASavedataInitEEPROM(&memory->savedata);
 746		}
 747		GBASavedataWriteEEPROM(&memory->savedata, value, 1);
 748		break;
 749	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 750	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 751		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Store16: 0x%08X", address);
 752		break;
 753	default:
 754		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Store16: 0x%08X", address);
 755		break;
 756	}
 757
 758	if (cycleCounter) {
 759		++wait;
 760		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
 761			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
 762		}
 763		*cycleCounter += wait;
 764	}
 765}
 766
 767void GBAStore8(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int8_t value, int* cycleCounter) {
 768	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 769	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 770	int wait = 0;
 771
 772	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 773	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 774		((int8_t*) memory->wram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 1)] = value;
 775		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_WORKING_RAM];
 776		break;
 777	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 778		((int8_t*) memory->iwram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 1)] = value;
 779		break;
 780	case REGION_IO:
 781		GBAIOWrite8(gba, address & (SIZE_IO - 1), value);
 782		break;
 783	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 784		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Store8: 0x%08X", address);
 785		break;
 786	case REGION_VRAM:
 787		if (address >= 0x06018000) {
 788			// TODO: check BG mode
 789			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Cannot Store8 to OBJ: 0x%08X", address);
 790			break;
 791		}
 792		((int8_t*) gba->video.renderer->vram)[address & 0x1FFFE] = value;
 793		((int8_t*) gba->video.renderer->vram)[(address & 0x1FFFE) | 1] = value;
 794		break;
 795	case REGION_OAM:
 796		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Cannot Store8 to OAM: 0x%08X", address);
 797		break;
 798	case REGION_CART0:
 799		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Store8: 0x%08X", address);
 800		break;
 801	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 802	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 803		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_AUTODETECT) {
 804			if (address == SAVEDATA_FLASH_BASE) {
 805				GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_INFO, "Detected Flash savegame");
 806				GBASavedataInitFlash(&memory->savedata, gba->realisticTiming);
 807			} else {
 808				GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_INFO, "Detected SRAM savegame");
 809				GBASavedataInitSRAM(&memory->savedata);
 810			}
 811		}
 812		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_FLASH512 || memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_FLASH1M) {
 813			GBASavedataWriteFlash(&memory->savedata, address, value);
 814		} else if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_SRAM) {
 815			memory->savedata.data[address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 1)] = value;
 816		} else if (memory->hw.devices & HW_TILT) {
 817			GBAHardwareTiltWrite(&memory->hw, address & OFFSET_MASK, value);
 818		} else {
 819			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Writing to non-existent SRAM: 0x%08X", address);
 820		}
 821		wait = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART_SRAM];
 822		break;
 823	default:
 824		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Bad memory Store8: 0x%08X", address);
 825		break;
 826	}
 827
 828	if (cycleCounter) {
 829		++wait;
 830		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
 831			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
 832		}
 833		*cycleCounter += wait;
 834	}
 835}
 836
 837void GBAPatch32(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int32_t value, int32_t* old) {
 838	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 839	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 840	int32_t oldValue = -1;
 841
 842	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 843	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 844		LOAD_32(oldValue, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 4), memory->wram);
 845		STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 4), memory->wram);
 846		break;
 847	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 848		LOAD_32(oldValue, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 4), memory->iwram);
 849		STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 4), memory->iwram);
 850		break;
 851	case REGION_IO:
 852		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Patch32: 0x%08X", address);
 853		break;
 854	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 855		LOAD_32(oldValue, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 1), gba->video.palette);
 856		STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4), gba->video.palette);
 857		gba->video.renderer->writePalette(gba->video.renderer, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4), value);
 858		gba->video.renderer->writePalette(gba->video.renderer, (address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 4)) + 2, value >> 16);
 859		break;
 860	case REGION_VRAM:
 861		if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) {
 862			LOAD_32(oldValue, address & 0x0001FFFC, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 863			STORE_32(value, address & 0x0001FFFC, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 864		} else {
 865			LOAD_32(oldValue, address & 0x00017FFC, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 866			STORE_32(value, address & 0x00017FFC, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 867		}
 868		break;
 869	case REGION_OAM:
 870		LOAD_32(oldValue, address & (SIZE_OAM - 4), gba->video.oam.raw);
 871		STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_OAM - 4), gba->video.oam.raw);
 872		gba->video.renderer->writeOAM(gba->video.renderer, (address & (SIZE_OAM - 4)) >> 1);
 873		gba->video.renderer->writeOAM(gba->video.renderer, ((address & (SIZE_OAM - 4)) + 2) >> 1);
 874		break;
 875	case REGION_CART0:
 876	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 877	case REGION_CART1:
 878	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 879	case REGION_CART2:
 880	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 881		_pristineCow(gba);
 882		if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 4)) >= gba->memory.romSize) {
 883			gba->memory.romSize = (address & (SIZE_CART0 - 4)) + 4;
 884		}
 885		LOAD_32(oldValue, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 4), gba->memory.rom);
 886		STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 4), gba->memory.rom);
 887		break;
 888	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 889	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 890		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_SRAM) {
 891			LOAD_32(oldValue, address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 4), memory->savedata.data);
 892			STORE_32(value, address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 4), memory->savedata.data);
 893		} else {
 894			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Writing to non-existent SRAM: 0x%08X", address);
 895		}
 896		break;
 897	default:
 898		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_WARN, "Bad memory Patch16: 0x%08X", address);
 899		break;
 900	}
 901	if (old) {
 902		*old = oldValue;
 903	}
 904}
 905
 906void GBAPatch16(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int16_t value, int16_t* old) {
 907	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 908	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 909	int16_t oldValue = -1;
 910
 911	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 912	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 913		LOAD_16(oldValue, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 2), memory->wram);
 914		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 2), memory->wram);
 915		break;
 916	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 917		LOAD_16(oldValue, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 2), memory->iwram);
 918		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 2), memory->iwram);
 919		break;
 920	case REGION_IO:
 921		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Patch16: 0x%08X", address);
 922		break;
 923	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 924		LOAD_16(oldValue, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 2), gba->video.palette);
 925		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 2), gba->video.palette);
 926		gba->video.renderer->writePalette(gba->video.renderer, address & (SIZE_PALETTE_RAM - 2), value);
 927		break;
 928	case REGION_VRAM:
 929		if ((address & 0x0001FFFF) < SIZE_VRAM) {
 930			LOAD_16(oldValue, address & 0x0001FFFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 931			STORE_16(value, address & 0x0001FFFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 932		} else {
 933			LOAD_16(oldValue, address & 0x00017FFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 934			STORE_16(value, address & 0x00017FFE, gba->video.renderer->vram);
 935		}
 936		break;
 937	case REGION_OAM:
 938		LOAD_16(oldValue, address & (SIZE_OAM - 2), gba->video.oam.raw);
 939		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_OAM - 2), gba->video.oam.raw);
 940		gba->video.renderer->writeOAM(gba->video.renderer, (address & (SIZE_OAM - 2)) >> 1);
 941		break;
 942	case REGION_CART0:
 943	case REGION_CART0_EX:
 944	case REGION_CART1:
 945	case REGION_CART1_EX:
 946	case REGION_CART2:
 947	case REGION_CART2_EX:
 948		_pristineCow(gba);
 949		if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) >= gba->memory.romSize) {
 950			gba->memory.romSize = (address & (SIZE_CART0 - 2)) + 2;
 951		}
 952		LOAD_16(oldValue, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 2), gba->memory.rom);
 953		STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_CART0 - 2), gba->memory.rom);
 954		break;
 955	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
 956	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
 957		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_SRAM) {
 958			LOAD_16(oldValue, address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 2), memory->savedata.data);
 959			STORE_16(value, address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 2), memory->savedata.data);
 960		} else {
 961			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Writing to non-existent SRAM: 0x%08X", address);
 962		}
 963		break;
 964	default:
 965		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_WARN, "Bad memory Patch16: 0x%08X", address);
 966		break;
 967	}
 968	if (old) {
 969		*old = oldValue;
 970	}
 971}
 972
 973void GBAPatch8(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int8_t value, int8_t* old) {
 974	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
 975	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
 976	int8_t oldValue = -1;
 977
 978	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
 979	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
 980		oldValue = ((int8_t*) memory->wram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 1)];
 981		((int8_t*) memory->wram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_RAM - 1)] = value;
 982		break;
 983	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
 984		oldValue = ((int8_t*) memory->iwram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 1)];
 985		((int8_t*) memory->iwram)[address & (SIZE_WORKING_IRAM - 1)] = value;
 986		break;
 987	case REGION_IO:
 988		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Patch8: 0x%08X", address);
 989		break;
 990	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
 991		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Patch8: 0x%08X", address);
 992		break;
 993	case REGION_VRAM:
 994		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Patch8: 0x%08X", address);
 995		break;
 996	case REGION_OAM:
 997		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "Unimplemented memory Patch8: 0x%08X", address);
 998		break;
 999	case REGION_CART0:
1000	case REGION_CART0_EX:
1001	case REGION_CART1:
1002	case REGION_CART1_EX:
1003	case REGION_CART2:
1004	case REGION_CART2_EX:
1005		_pristineCow(gba);
1006		if ((address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)) >= gba->memory.romSize) {
1007			gba->memory.romSize = (address & (SIZE_CART0 - 2)) + 2;
1008		}
1009		oldValue = ((int8_t*) memory->rom)[address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)];
1010		((int8_t*) memory->rom)[address & (SIZE_CART0 - 1)] = value;
1011		break;
1012	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
1013	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
1014		if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_SRAM) {
1015			oldValue = ((int8_t*) memory->savedata.data)[address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 1)];
1016			((int8_t*) memory->savedata.data)[address & (SIZE_CART_SRAM - 1)] = value;
1017		} else {
1018			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_GAME_ERROR, "Writing to non-existent SRAM: 0x%08X", address);
1019		}
1020		break;
1021	default:
1022		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_WARN, "Bad memory Patch8: 0x%08X", address);
1023		break;
1024	}
1025	if (old) {
1026		*old = oldValue;
1027	}
1028}
1029
1030#define LDM_LOOP(LDM) \
1031	for (i = 0; i < 16; i += 4) { \
1032		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (1 << i))) { \
1033			LDM; \
1034			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1035			cpu->gprs[i] = value; \
1036			++wait; \
1037			address += 4; \
1038		} \
1039		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (2 << i))) { \
1040			LDM; \
1041			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1042			cpu->gprs[i + 1] = value; \
1043			++wait; \
1044			address += 4; \
1045		} \
1046		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (4 << i))) { \
1047			LDM; \
1048			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1049			cpu->gprs[i + 2] = value; \
1050			++wait; \
1051			address += 4; \
1052		} \
1053		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (8 << i))) { \
1054			LDM; \
1055			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1056			cpu->gprs[i + 3] = value; \
1057			++wait; \
1058			address += 4; \
1059		} \
1060	}
1061
1062uint32_t GBALoadMultiple(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int mask, enum LSMDirection direction, int* cycleCounter) {
1063	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
1064	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1065	uint32_t value;
1066	int wait = 0;
1067	char* waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesNonseq32;
1068
1069	int i;
1070	int offset = 4;
1071	int popcount = 0;
1072	if (direction & LSM_D) {
1073		offset = -4;
1074		popcount = _popcount32(mask);
1075		address -= (popcount << 2) - 4;
1076	}
1077
1078	if (direction & LSM_B) {
1079		address += offset;
1080	}
1081
1082	uint32_t addressMisalign = address & 0x3;
1083	address &= 0xFFFFFFFC;
1084
1085	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
1086	case REGION_BIOS:
1087		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_BIOS);
1088		break;
1089	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
1090		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_WORKING_RAM);
1091		break;
1092	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
1093		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_WORKING_IRAM);
1094		break;
1095	case REGION_IO:
1096		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_IO);
1097		break;
1098	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
1099		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_PALETTE_RAM);
1100		break;
1101	case REGION_VRAM:
1102		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_VRAM);
1103		break;
1104	case REGION_OAM:
1105		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_OAM);
1106		break;
1107	case REGION_CART0:
1108	case REGION_CART0_EX:
1109	case REGION_CART1:
1110	case REGION_CART1_EX:
1111	case REGION_CART2:
1112	case REGION_CART2_EX:
1113		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_CART);
1114		break;
1115	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
1116	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
1117		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_SRAM);
1118		break;
1119	default:
1120		LDM_LOOP(LOAD_BAD);
1121		break;
1122	}
1123
1124	if (cycleCounter) {
1125		++wait;
1126		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
1127			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
1128		}
1129		*cycleCounter += wait;
1130	}
1131
1132	if (direction & LSM_B) {
1133		address -= offset;
1134	}
1135
1136	if (direction & LSM_D) {
1137		address -= (popcount << 2) + 4;
1138	}
1139
1140	return address | addressMisalign;
1141}
1142
1143#define STM_LOOP(STM) \
1144	for (i = 0; i < 16; i += 4) { \
1145		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (1 << i))) { \
1146			value = cpu->gprs[i]; \
1147			STM; \
1148			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1149			++wait; \
1150			address += 4; \
1151		} \
1152		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (2 << i))) { \
1153			value = cpu->gprs[i + 1]; \
1154			STM; \
1155			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1156			++wait; \
1157			address += 4; \
1158		} \
1159		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (4 << i))) { \
1160			value = cpu->gprs[i + 2]; \
1161			STM; \
1162			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1163			++wait; \
1164			address += 4; \
1165		} \
1166		if (UNLIKELY(mask & (8 << i))) { \
1167			value = cpu->gprs[i + 3]; \
1168			STM; \
1169			waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesSeq32; \
1170			++wait; \
1171			address += 4; \
1172		} \
1173	}
1174
1175uint32_t GBAStoreMultiple(struct ARMCore* cpu, uint32_t address, int mask, enum LSMDirection direction, int* cycleCounter) {
1176	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
1177	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1178	uint32_t value;
1179	int wait = 0;
1180	char* waitstatesRegion = memory->waitstatesNonseq32;
1181
1182	int i;
1183	int offset = 4;
1184	int popcount = 0;
1185	if (direction & LSM_D) {
1186		offset = -4;
1187		popcount = _popcount32(mask);
1188		address -= (popcount << 2) - 4;
1189	}
1190
1191	if (direction & LSM_B) {
1192		address += offset;
1193	}
1194
1195	uint32_t addressMisalign = address & 0x3;
1196	address &= 0xFFFFFFFC;
1197
1198	switch (address >> BASE_OFFSET) {
1199	case REGION_WORKING_RAM:
1200		STM_LOOP(STORE_WORKING_RAM);
1201		break;
1202	case REGION_WORKING_IRAM:
1203		STM_LOOP(STORE_WORKING_IRAM);
1204		break;
1205	case REGION_IO:
1206		STM_LOOP(STORE_IO);
1207		break;
1208	case REGION_PALETTE_RAM:
1209		STM_LOOP(STORE_PALETTE_RAM);
1210		break;
1211	case REGION_VRAM:
1212		STM_LOOP(STORE_VRAM);
1213		break;
1214	case REGION_OAM:
1215		STM_LOOP(STORE_OAM);
1216		break;
1217	case REGION_CART0:
1218	case REGION_CART0_EX:
1219	case REGION_CART1:
1220	case REGION_CART1_EX:
1221	case REGION_CART2:
1222	case REGION_CART2_EX:
1223		STM_LOOP(STORE_CART);
1224		break;
1225	case REGION_CART_SRAM:
1226	case REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR:
1227		STM_LOOP(STORE_SRAM);
1228		break;
1229	default:
1230		STM_LOOP(STORE_BAD);
1231		break;
1232	}
1233
1234	if (cycleCounter) {
1235		if (address >> BASE_OFFSET < REGION_CART0) {
1236			wait = GBAMemoryStall(cpu, wait);
1237		}
1238		*cycleCounter += wait;
1239	}
1240
1241	if (direction & LSM_B) {
1242		address -= offset;
1243	}
1244
1245	if (direction & LSM_D) {
1246		address -= (popcount << 2) + 4;
1247	}
1248
1249	return address | addressMisalign;
1250}
1251
1252void GBAAdjustWaitstates(struct GBA* gba, uint16_t parameters) {
1253	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1254	struct ARMCore* cpu = gba->cpu;
1255	int sram = parameters & 0x0003;
1256	int ws0 = (parameters & 0x000C) >> 2;
1257	int ws0seq = (parameters & 0x0010) >> 4;
1258	int ws1 = (parameters & 0x0060) >> 5;
1259	int ws1seq = (parameters & 0x0080) >> 7;
1260	int ws2 = (parameters & 0x0300) >> 8;
1261	int ws2seq = (parameters & 0x0400) >> 10;
1262	int prefetch = parameters & 0x4000;
1263
1264	memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART_SRAM] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR] =  GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[sram];
1265	memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART_SRAM] = memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[sram];
1266	memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART_SRAM] = memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR] = 2 * GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[sram] + 1;
1267	memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART_SRAM] = memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART_SRAM_MIRROR] = 2 * GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[sram] + 1;
1268
1269	memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART0] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART0_EX] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[ws0];
1270	memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART1] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART1_EX] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[ws1];
1271	memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART2] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART2_EX] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES[ws2];
1272
1273	memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART0] = memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART0_EX] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES_SEQ[ws0seq];
1274	memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART1] = memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART1_EX] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES_SEQ[ws1seq + 2];
1275	memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART2] = memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART2_EX] = GBA_ROM_WAITSTATES_SEQ[ws2seq + 4];
1276
1277	memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART0] = memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART0_EX] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART0] + 1 + memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART0];
1278	memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART1] = memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART1_EX] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART1] + 1 + memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART1];
1279	memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART2] = memory->waitstatesNonseq32[REGION_CART2_EX] = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[REGION_CART2] + 1 + memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART2];
1280
1281	memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART0] = memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART0_EX] = 2 * memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART0] + 1;
1282	memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART1] = memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART1_EX] = 2 * memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART1] + 1;
1283	memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART2] = memory->waitstatesSeq32[REGION_CART2_EX] = 2 * memory->waitstatesSeq16[REGION_CART2] + 1;
1284
1285	memory->prefetch = prefetch;
1286
1287	cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles32 = memory->waitstatesSeq32[memory->activeRegion];
1288	cpu->memory.activeSeqCycles16 = memory->waitstatesSeq16[memory->activeRegion];
1289
1290	cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles32 = memory->waitstatesNonseq32[memory->activeRegion];
1291	cpu->memory.activeNonseqCycles16 = memory->waitstatesNonseq16[memory->activeRegion];
1292}
1293
1294void GBAMemoryWriteDMASAD(struct GBA* gba, int dma, uint32_t address) {
1295	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1296	memory->dma[dma].source = address & 0x0FFFFFFE;
1297}
1298
1299void GBAMemoryWriteDMADAD(struct GBA* gba, int dma, uint32_t address) {
1300	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1301	memory->dma[dma].dest = address & 0x0FFFFFFE;
1302}
1303
1304void GBAMemoryWriteDMACNT_LO(struct GBA* gba, int dma, uint16_t count) {
1305	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1306	memory->dma[dma].count = count ? count : (dma == 3 ? 0x10000 : 0x4000);
1307}
1308
1309uint16_t GBAMemoryWriteDMACNT_HI(struct GBA* gba, int dma, uint16_t control) {
1310	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1311	struct GBADMA* currentDma = &memory->dma[dma];
1312	int wasEnabled = GBADMARegisterIsEnable(currentDma->reg);
1313	currentDma->reg = control;
1314
1315	if (GBADMARegisterIsDRQ(currentDma->reg)) {
1316		GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_STUB, "DRQ not implemented");
1317	}
1318
1319	if (!wasEnabled && GBADMARegisterIsEnable(currentDma->reg)) {
1320		currentDma->nextSource = currentDma->source;
1321		currentDma->nextDest = currentDma->dest;
1322		currentDma->nextCount = currentDma->count;
1323		GBAMemoryScheduleDMA(gba, dma, currentDma);
1324	}
1325	// If the DMA has already occurred, this value might have changed since the function started
1326	return currentDma->reg;
1327};
1328
1329void GBAMemoryScheduleDMA(struct GBA* gba, int number, struct GBADMA* info) {
1330	struct ARMCore* cpu = gba->cpu;
1331	switch (GBADMARegisterGetTiming(info->reg)) {
1332	case DMA_TIMING_NOW:
1333		info->nextEvent = cpu->cycles;
1334		GBAMemoryUpdateDMAs(gba, 0);
1335		break;
1336	case DMA_TIMING_HBLANK:
1337		// Handled implicitly
1338		info->nextEvent = INT_MAX;
1339		break;
1340	case DMA_TIMING_VBLANK:
1341		// Handled implicitly
1342		info->nextEvent = INT_MAX;
1343		break;
1344	case DMA_TIMING_CUSTOM:
1345		info->nextEvent = INT_MAX;
1346		switch (number) {
1347		case 0:
1348			GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_WARN, "Discarding invalid DMA0 scheduling");
1349			break;
1350		case 1:
1351		case 2:
1352			GBAAudioScheduleFifoDma(&gba->audio, number, info);
1353			break;
1354		case 3:
1355			// GBAVideoScheduleVCaptureDma(dma, info);
1356			break;
1357		}
1358	}
1359}
1360
1361void GBAMemoryRunHblankDMAs(struct GBA* gba, int32_t cycles) {
1362	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1363	struct GBADMA* dma;
1364	int i;
1365	for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1366		dma = &memory->dma[i];
1367		if (GBADMARegisterIsEnable(dma->reg) && GBADMARegisterGetTiming(dma->reg) == DMA_TIMING_HBLANK) {
1368			dma->nextEvent = cycles;
1369		}
1370	}
1371	GBAMemoryUpdateDMAs(gba, 0);
1372}
1373
1374void GBAMemoryRunVblankDMAs(struct GBA* gba, int32_t cycles) {
1375	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1376	struct GBADMA* dma;
1377	int i;
1378	for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1379		dma = &memory->dma[i];
1380		if (GBADMARegisterIsEnable(dma->reg) && GBADMARegisterGetTiming(dma->reg) == DMA_TIMING_VBLANK) {
1381			dma->nextEvent = cycles;
1382		}
1383	}
1384	GBAMemoryUpdateDMAs(gba, 0);
1385}
1386
1387int32_t GBAMemoryRunDMAs(struct GBA* gba, int32_t cycles) {
1388	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1389	if (memory->nextDMA == INT_MAX) {
1390		return INT_MAX;
1391	}
1392	memory->nextDMA -= cycles;
1393	memory->eventDiff += cycles;
1394	if (memory->nextDMA <= 0) {
1395		struct GBADMA* dma = &memory->dma[memory->activeDMA];
1396		GBAMemoryServiceDMA(gba, memory->activeDMA, dma);
1397		GBAMemoryUpdateDMAs(gba, memory->eventDiff);
1398		memory->eventDiff = 0;
1399	}
1400	return memory->nextDMA;
1401}
1402
1403void GBAMemoryUpdateDMAs(struct GBA* gba, int32_t cycles) {
1404	int i;
1405	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1406	struct ARMCore* cpu = gba->cpu;
1407	memory->activeDMA = -1;
1408	memory->nextDMA = INT_MAX;
1409	for (i = 3; i >= 0; --i) {
1410		struct GBADMA* dma = &memory->dma[i];
1411		if (dma->nextEvent != INT_MAX) {
1412			dma->nextEvent -= cycles;
1413			if (GBADMARegisterIsEnable(dma->reg)) {
1414				memory->activeDMA = i;
1415				memory->nextDMA = dma->nextEvent;
1416			}
1417		}
1418	}
1419	if (memory->nextDMA < cpu->nextEvent) {
1420		cpu->nextEvent = memory->nextDMA;
1421	}
1422}
1423
1424void GBAMemoryServiceDMA(struct GBA* gba, int number, struct GBADMA* info) {
1425	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1426	struct ARMCore* cpu = gba->cpu;
1427	uint32_t width = GBADMARegisterGetWidth(info->reg) ? 4 : 2;
1428	int sourceOffset = DMA_OFFSET[GBADMARegisterGetSrcControl(info->reg)] * width;
1429	int destOffset = DMA_OFFSET[GBADMARegisterGetDestControl(info->reg)] * width;
1430	int32_t wordsRemaining = info->nextCount;
1431	uint32_t source = info->nextSource;
1432	uint32_t dest = info->nextDest;
1433	uint32_t sourceRegion = source >> BASE_OFFSET;
1434	uint32_t destRegion = dest >> BASE_OFFSET;
1435	int32_t cycles = 2;
1436
1437	if (source == info->source) {
1438		// TODO: support 4 cycles for ROM access
1439		cycles += 2;
1440		if (width == 4) {
1441			cycles += memory->waitstatesNonseq32[sourceRegion] + memory->waitstatesNonseq32[destRegion];
1442			source &= 0xFFFFFFFC;
1443			dest &= 0xFFFFFFFC;
1444		} else {
1445			cycles += memory->waitstatesNonseq16[sourceRegion] + memory->waitstatesNonseq16[destRegion];
1446		}
1447	} else {
1448		if (width == 4) {
1449			cycles += memory->waitstatesSeq32[sourceRegion] + memory->waitstatesSeq32[destRegion];
1450		} else {
1451			cycles += memory->waitstatesSeq16[sourceRegion] + memory->waitstatesSeq16[destRegion];
1452		}
1453	}
1454
1455	gba->performingDMA = true;
1456	int32_t word;
1457	if (width == 4) {
1458		word = cpu->memory.load32(cpu, source, 0);
1459		gba->bus = word;
1460		cpu->memory.store32(cpu, dest, word, 0);
1461		source += sourceOffset;
1462		dest += destOffset;
1463		--wordsRemaining;
1464	} else {
1465		if (sourceRegion == REGION_CART2_EX && memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_EEPROM) {
1466			word = GBASavedataReadEEPROM(&memory->savedata);
1467			gba->bus = word | (word << 16);
1468			cpu->memory.store16(cpu, dest, word, 0);
1469			source += sourceOffset;
1470			dest += destOffset;
1471			--wordsRemaining;
1472		} else if (destRegion == REGION_CART2_EX) {
1473			if (memory->savedata.type == SAVEDATA_AUTODETECT) {
1474				GBALog(gba, GBA_LOG_INFO, "Detected EEPROM savegame");
1475				GBASavedataInitEEPROM(&memory->savedata);
1476			}
1477			word = cpu->memory.load16(cpu, source, 0);
1478			gba->bus = word | (word << 16);
1479			GBASavedataWriteEEPROM(&memory->savedata, word, wordsRemaining);
1480			source += sourceOffset;
1481			dest += destOffset;
1482			--wordsRemaining;
1483		} else {
1484			word = cpu->memory.load16(cpu, source, 0);
1485			gba->bus = word | (word << 16);
1486			cpu->memory.store16(cpu, dest, word, 0);
1487			source += sourceOffset;
1488			dest += destOffset;
1489			--wordsRemaining;
1490		}
1491	}
1492	gba->performingDMA = false;
1493
1494	if (!wordsRemaining) {
1495		if (!GBADMARegisterIsRepeat(info->reg) || GBADMARegisterGetTiming(info->reg) == DMA_TIMING_NOW) {
1496			info->reg = GBADMARegisterClearEnable(info->reg);
1497			info->nextEvent = INT_MAX;
1498
1499			// Clear the enable bit in memory
1500			memory->io[(REG_DMA0CNT_HI + number * (REG_DMA1CNT_HI - REG_DMA0CNT_HI)) >> 1] &= 0x7FE0;
1501		} else {
1502			info->nextCount = info->count;
1503			if (GBADMARegisterGetDestControl(info->reg) == DMA_INCREMENT_RELOAD) {
1504				info->nextDest = info->dest;
1505			}
1506			GBAMemoryScheduleDMA(gba, number, info);
1507		}
1508		if (GBADMARegisterIsDoIRQ(info->reg)) {
1509			GBARaiseIRQ(gba, IRQ_DMA0 + number);
1510		}
1511	} else {
1512		info->nextDest = dest;
1513		info->nextCount = wordsRemaining;
1514	}
1515	info->nextSource = source;
1516
1517	if (info->nextEvent != INT_MAX) {
1518		info->nextEvent += cycles;
1519	}
1520	cpu->cycles += cycles;
1521}
1522
1523int32_t GBAMemoryStall(struct ARMCore* cpu, int32_t wait) {
1524	struct GBA* gba = (struct GBA*) cpu->master;
1525	struct GBAMemory* memory = &gba->memory;
1526
1527	if (!memory->prefetch || memory->activeRegion < REGION_CART0) {
1528		return wait;
1529	}
1530
1531	int32_t stall = 5 - memory->waitstatesSeq16[memory->activeRegion]; // Figure out where this value comes from
1532
1533	// Base number of cycles for this insn is N
1534	int32_t base = memory->waitstatesSeq16[memory->activeRegion] + 1;
1535	if (cpu->executionMode == MODE_ARM) {
1536		base <<= 1;
1537	}
1538	if (base <= wait) {
1539		--base;
1540	} else {
1541		base = wait;
1542	}
1543
1544	cpu->cycles -= stall + base - 1;
1545	return wait;
1546}
1547
1548void GBAMemorySerialize(const struct GBAMemory* memory, struct GBASerializedState* state) {
1549	memcpy(state->wram, memory->wram, SIZE_WORKING_RAM);
1550	memcpy(state->iwram, memory->iwram, SIZE_WORKING_IRAM);
1551}
1552
1553void GBAMemoryDeserialize(struct GBAMemory* memory, const struct GBASerializedState* state) {
1554	memcpy(memory->wram, state->wram, SIZE_WORKING_RAM);
1555	memcpy(memory->iwram, state->iwram, SIZE_WORKING_IRAM);
1556}
1557
1558uint32_t _popcount32(unsigned bits) {
1559	bits = bits - ((bits >> 1) & 0x55555555);
1560	bits = (bits & 0x33333333) + ((bits >> 2) & 0x33333333);
1561	return (((bits + (bits >> 4)) & 0xF0F0F0F) * 0x1010101) >> 24;
1562}
1563
1564void _pristineCow(struct GBA* gba) {
1565	if (gba->memory.rom != gba->pristineRom) {
1566		return;
1567	}
1568	gba->memory.rom = anonymousMemoryMap(SIZE_CART0);
1569	memcpy(gba->memory.rom, gba->pristineRom, gba->memory.romSize);
1570	memset(((uint8_t*) gba->memory.rom) + gba->memory.romSize, 0xFF, SIZE_CART0 - gba->memory.romSize);
1571}